the construction of new transmission lines and the establishment of new transmission corridors is rendered difficult due to the increasing real-estate costs and continued opposition to new transmission lines. The costs, on a per megawatt-mile basis is estimated by this article, aimed at uprating the transmission capacity without increasing the footprint of transmission.

MODEL OF AC TRANSMISSION LINES
Parameters Specifying ElectricalModel and Characteristics
the electrical model and characteristics of AC transmission line ....etc

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Classification of Costs


There are several types of costs that a firm may consider relevant under various circumstances. Such costs include:
Actual Costs and Opportunity Costs:
Actual costs are the costs which the firm incurs while producing or acquiring a good or a service like the cost on raw materials, labor, rent, interests etc. The actual costs are also called the outlay costs or acquisition cost or absolute cost.
On the other hand, opportunity costs ....etc

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Development and transportation costs of
space launch systems


D. E. Koelle, R. Janovsky


The Cost History of Space Access“
....etc

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Distributed cache updating for the Dynamic source routing protocol
Abstract: On-demand routing protocols use route caches to make routing decisions. Due to mobility, cached routes easily become stale. To address the cache staleness issue, prior work in DSR used heuristics with ad hoc parameters to predict the lifetime of a page link or a route. However, heuristics cannot accurately estimate timeouts because topology changes are unpredictable. In this paper, we propose proactively disseminating the broken page link information to the nodes tha ....etc

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Selective Encryption of Still Image
Abstract: In some applications, it is relevant to hide the content of a message when it enters an insecure channel. The accepted view among professional cryptographers is that the encryption algorithm should be published, whereas the key must be kept secret. In the field of image cryptography, the focus has been put on steganography and in particular on watermarking during the last years. Watermarking, as opposed to steganography has the additional requirement of robustness against possible image transform ....etc

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Routing Protocol Enhancement for handling
Node Mobility in Wireless Sensor Networks
G. Santhosh Kumar
1
, Vinu Paul M V
2
, G. Athithan
3
and K Poulose Jacob
4
1,4
Department of Computer Science, Cochin University of Science and Technology, Cochin -682 022,
Kerala, INDIA. Email: {san, kpj}@cusat.ac.in
2,3
Centre for AI and Robotics, DRDO, Bangalore-560 093, INDIA
Email: {vinumanayil, athithan.g}@gmail.com
Authorized licensed use limited to: COCHIN UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY. Downloaded on February 7, 2009 at 06: ....etc

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Abstract
The present network-layer multicast routing protocols build multicast trees based only on hop count and policy. If a tree cannot meet application require- ments, the receivers have no alternative. A general and modular architecture that integrates alternate path routing with the network multicast services is proposed. This enables individual multicast receivers to reroute a multicast tree according to their needs, subject to policy restrictions. Many Internet multicast applications such as teleconferencing and remote diagnosis have Q ....etc

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Incremental deployment service of Hop by hop multicast routing protocol
Abstract: IP multicast is facing a slow take-off although it has been a hotly debated topic for more than a decade. Many reasons are responsible for this status. Hence, the Internet is likely to be organized with both unicast and multicast enabled networks. Thus, it is of utmost importance to design protocols that allow the progressive deployment of the multicast service by supporting unicast clouds. This paper presents HBH (hop-by-hop multicast routing protocol). HBH adop ....etc

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