Electronics without silicon is unbelievable, but it will come true with the evolution of Diamond or Carbon chip. Now a day we are using silicon for the manufacturing of Electronic Chip's. It has many disadvantages when it is used in power electronic applications, such as bulk in size, slow operating speed etc. Carbon, Silicon and Germanium are belonging to the same group in the periodic table. They have four valance electrons in their outer shell. Pure Silicon and Germanium are semiconductors in normal temperature. So in the earlier days they a ....etc

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Expression and Regulation of Protein Complexes in Yeast

Structural Biology and Centre for Computational Biology, Hospital for Sick Children, 555 University Avenue, Toronto, M5G 1X8, Canada 2 Service de Conformation de Macromolecules Biologiques, Centre de Biologie Structurale et Bioinformatique, Université Libre de Bruxelles, CP263, Blvd. du Triomphe, 1050, Bruxelles, Belgium Multiprotein complexes play an essential role in many cellular processes.

But our knowledge of the mecha ....etc

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Definition
Since the dawn of time, man has tried to record important events and techniques for everyday life. At first, it was sufficient to paint on the family cave wall how one hunted. Then came the people who invented spoken languages and the need arose to record what one was saying without hearing it firsthand. Therefore, years later, earlier scholars invented writing to convey what was being said. Pictures gave way to letters which represented spoken sounds. Eventually clay tablets gave way to parchment, which gave way to paper. Paper was ....etc

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Abstract:
Imagine a device no bigger than a credit card that could extract your DNA from a drop of blood and map your entire genetic code while you wait. Within a short period of time the proneness to any illness or disease could be mapped and studied. This is not a snippet from a fiction movie. Biologists and engineers will have ONE working in just a few years, because the tool that makes it possible, a genetic microarray known as the DNA chip, already exists. Able to scrutinize tens of thousands of genes at once, the DNA chip's astonishin ....etc

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The ability of molecules to serve as computer switches has been a major area of scientific research since the middle of the last century. Molecular switches, if these become a reality, will offer appreciable reduction in hardware size, since these are themselves very small. One can then imagine of bimolecular computer about 1/20th the size of present-day semiconductor-based computers. Small size and fast operation will account for the development of most modern computers. ....etc

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Protein-based optical memory storage

While magnetic and semi-conductor based information storage devices have been in use since the middle 1950 s, today s computers and volumes of information require increasingly more efficient and faster methods of storing data. While the speed of integrated circuit random access memory (RAM) has increased steadily over the past ten to fifteen years, the limits of these systems are rapidly approaching. In response to the rapidly changing face of computing and dema ....etc

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In the development of packaging of electronics the aim is to lower cost, increase the packaging density, and improve the performance while still maintaining or even improving the reliability of the circuits. Flip chip microelectronic assembly is the direct electrical connection of face-down electronic components onto substrates, circuit boards, or carriers, by means of conductive bumps on the chip bond pads since the chip is directly attached to the substrate, board, or carrier by the conductive bumps. Flip chip has advantage in size, performan ....etc

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While magnetic and semi-conductor based information storage devices have been in use since the middle 1950 s, today s computers and volumes of information require increasingly more efficient and faster methods of storing data. While the speed of integrated circuit random access memory (RAM) has increased steadily over the past ten to fifteen years, the limits of these systems are rapidly approaching. In response to the rapidly changing face of computing and demand for

· physically smaller,

· greater capacity,

 ....etc

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Computer Memory Based on the Protein Bacteriorhodopsin


While magnetic and semi-conductor based information storage devices have been in use since the middle 1950's, today's computers and volumes of information require increasingly more efficient and faster methods of storing data. While the speed of integrated circuit random access memory (RAM) has increased steadily over the past ten to fifteen years, the limits of these systems are rapidly approaching. In response to the rapidly changing face of computing and demand for

· ....etc

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