Evolution of EMBEDDED SYSTEM



Abstract
If the accuracy of the work done by any gadget is
precision, then the cost of manufacturing the gadget
becomes directly proportional to it. This in turn decreases the
end users affordability or adoptability to it.


Innovation
A long breath-taking research in microelectronics,
processor and the memory with the boon of low cost, have
developed the embedded systems with number of
applications.

Trends
A plethora ....etc

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ABSTRACT

Over the past four decades the computer industry has experienced four generations of development. The first generation used Vacuum Tubes (1940 – 1950s) to discrete diodes to transistors (1950 – 1960s), to small and medium scale integrated circuits (1960 – 1970s) and to very large scale integrated devices (1970s and beyond). Increases in device speed and reliability and reduction in hardware cost and physical size have greatly enhanced computer performance ....etc

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If the accuracy of the work done by any gadget is precision, then the cost of manufacturing the gadget becomes directly proportional to it. This in turn decreases the end users affordability or adoptability to it.

In the coming decades, the quality of work will play the role in all the fields. Too considering the Medical field, the accuracy, time, precision, adoptability, user-friendly are all to be considered.

This parameters plays the most important to develop a gadget in Medical field. So these parameters measure the cost of the gadget de ....etc

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free ppt pdf download for evolution from 3g to 4g beyond 5g
free ppt pdf download for evolution from 3g to 4g beyond 5g
free ppt pdf download for evolution from 3g to 4g beyond 5g ....etc

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The Evolution of TDMA to 3G & 4G Wireless Systems

AT&T Wireless Services
TDMA
European GSM over 250 million
North American TDMA ~ 50 million
Japanese PDC ~ 50 million
CDMA
North American CDMA ~ 60 million (including S. Korea)
TDMA parameters
30 KHz channels (like analog & CDPD)
20 msec speech frames
24.3 kbaud symbol rate
3 time-slots/users
7.4 kbps ACELP speech coding
1/2-rate channel coding on importan ....etc

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Real Time Operating Systems for Networked Embedded Systems


Fire Alarm System

Problem
Hundreds of sensors, each fitted with Low Range Wireless
Sensor information to be logged in a server & appropriate action initiated
Possible Solution
Collaborative Action
Routing
Dynamic – Sensors/controllers may go down
Auto Configurable – No/easy human intervention.
Less Collision/Link Clogging
Less no of intermediate nodes
Fast Response Time
Secure

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The first stepping stone in migration path to third generation wireless mobile services (3G) is the General Packet Radio Services, GPRS, a packet-switched technology that delivers speeds of up to 115kbps. If GPRS is already in place, Enhanced Data rates for Global Evolution (EDGE) technology is most effective as the second stepping stone that gives a low impact migration. Only software upgrades and EDGE plug-in transceiver units are needed. The approach protects operators' investments by allowing them to reuse their existing network equipment a ....etc

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Definition

Over the years, advancement in technologies has improved transmission limitations, the number of wavelengths we can send down a piece of fiber, performance, amplification techniques, and protection and redundancy of the network. When people have described and spoken at length about optical networks, they have typically limited the discussion of optical network technology to providing physical-layer connectivity.

When actual network services are discussed, optical transport is augmented through the addition of several protocol ....etc

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