INTRODUCTION
Transportation has been instrumental in the global economic growth since the earliest civilisations known to man and efficient traffic management has a major impact on the country’s economy. The advent of Information and Communications Technology (ICT) during the Industrial Revolution led to a faster, more productive management of resources worldwide. However, the Industrial Revolution also resulted in huge improvements in road construction and cheaper vehicles. Over the past few years, the exponential ....etc

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please can anyone upload josephson junction report.. ....etc

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Fabrication of P-N JUNCTION DIODE



BASIC SEMICONDUCTOR
1.1 Semiconductor:-
A semiconductor is a material that has an electrical conductivity between that of a conductor and an insulator. Conductors have very low resistivity (10-2 to 10-8 Ωm) insulator have very high resistivity (>10-2 Ωm), while semiconductors have intermediate values. Semiconductor has resistivity values of order 105 to 100 Ωm.
A semiconductor, such as silicon, has properties ....etc

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Definition

The 20th century saw many developments in the field of electronics because of basically two reasons

1. The development of transistors, which forms the basics of everything that is electronics.
2. The development of IC, which helped in the fabrication of fast, compact & sophisticated electronic circuits.

In the 21st century we are going to see some radical changes in the approach towards electronics. These are :
1. The replacement of semiconducting devices with superconducting devices.
2. The use of new classical theories ....etc

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PN-Junction Diode Characteristics

Forward Bias --- External battery makes the Anode more positive than the Cathode --- Current flows in the direction of the arrow in the symbol.
Reverse Bias --- External battery makes the Cathode more positive than the Anode --- A tiny current flows opposite to the arrow in the symbol.

Series-Connected Diodes

Use 2 diodes in series to withstand higher reverse breakdown voltage.
Both diodes conduct the same reverse saturation current, Is.

Diode Characte ....etc

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viva questions pn junction diode with answers ....etc

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working principle of PN junction diode-
animation ....etc

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Definition
The 20th century saw many developments in the field of electronics because of basically two reasons

1. The development of transistors, which forms the basics of everything that is electronics.
2. The development of IC, which helped in the fabrication of fast, compact & sophisticated electronic circuits.

In the 21st century we are going to see some radical changes in the approach towards electronics. These are :
1. The replacement of semiconducting devices with superconducting devices.
2. The use of new classical theories i ....etc

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The Josephson junction (JJ) is basically an insulator sandwitched between the two semiconductor layers. Hence the device is also called as a SIS (Superconductor-Insulator-superconductor). A tunneling phenomenon called Josephson tunneling takes place through the insulator when the thickness of the insulator is very thin (less than 1.5 nm) and the insulator turns into a superconductor due to the tunneling of charge carriers from the 1st to the 2nd super conductor; through the insulator.




The basic block diagram is as follows. http:// ....etc

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The Junction Diode
 In electronics, a diode is a component that restricts the direction of movement of charge carriers. Essentially, it allows an electric current to flow in one direction, but blocks it in the opposite direction. Thus, the diode can be thought of as an electronic version of a check valve. Circuits that require current flow in only one direction will typically include one or more diodes in the circuit design.
Short history
 Thermionic and solid state diodes developed in parallel. The ....etc

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