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INTRODUCTION
Transportation has been instrumental in the global economic growth since the earliest civilisations known to man and efficient traffic management has a major impact on the country’s economy. The advent of Information and Communications Technology (ICT) during the Industrial Revolution led to a faster, more productive management of resources worldwide. However, the Industrial Revolution also resulted in huge improvements in road construction and cheaper vehicles. Over the past few years, the exponential increase in urban population and vehicle ownership has led to a substantial increase in traffic congestion in metropolitan cities all over the world, especially in a densely populated country like India. Hence there arose a need to integrate ICT with transport infrastructure and vehicles to form a background for Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS) which were expected to deal with traffic congestion problems throughout the world more efficiently.
ITS mainly make use of Artificial Intelligence (AI) for the purpose of automation (minimal human intervention). Vehicle detection technologies are ITS based and are used for vehicle actuated signal control. Actuated control implies the dependence of signal cycle length, phase split and even phase sequence on the vehicle actuations registered at detectors or other traffic sensors and their variance in response to current traffic demand. It is a type of traffic responsive signal control in which signals receive inputs that reflect current traffic conditions and use this data to automatically create an optimal timing plan for the crossing. These signals receive data from vehicle detectors placed at the crossing and modify the default timing plan accordingly.
The advantages of this project are road traffic congestion is reduced, the horn is deactivated in the hospital zones, the road which is heavily dense will be given high priority and released first thus saving the time of larger number of passengers, helps in preventing rash driving by speed control, Violation of traffic rule and traffic signals is avoided, Status of traffic signal is displayed on the vehicle itself, automated braking systems helps in preventing accidents, reduced man power and barricade obstructs the further flow of traffic when the signal turns red.
CHAPTER 2
PROBLEM STATEMENT
Due to the ever-increasing population of motor vehicles in modern developed industrialized and urban areas, traffic congestion is recognized as one of the major problems. Travelling to different places within the city is becoming more difficult, there is a loss in productivity from workers, people loose time, trade opportunities are lost, delivery gets delayed, and thereby the costs goes on increasing which ultimately leads to frustration and imbalanced life.
The traditional public policy measures to relieve congestion is widening of the roads which carry heavy vehicular traffic and building of new roads. These measures are not only very costly but also inefficient because of the acute shortage of space available for road construction especially in the over-crowded metropolitan cities.Hence we need to change the system rather than making new infrastructure twice. Therefore many countries are working on efficiently managing their existing transportation systems to render improved mobility and safety. By enhancing public transport, route guidance systems, traffic signal improvements, and incident management, congestion can be reduced greatly.
From the statistical analysis, it has been found that recurring congestion contributes to half of the congestion. Recurring congestion problems are caused due to poor guidance of travelers. Due to recurring congestion, the roads have been used repeatedly when they were not supposed to be used twice. The other half of the congestions are due to the non-recurring congestions which are due to traffic incidents, work zones, weather on special events. Non-recurring events dramatically reduce available capacity and reliability of the entire transportation system. The researches done on these goals showed that lane control had some influence on congestion.
CHAPTER 3
LITERATURE SURVEY
The traffic pattern on Indian roads is highly heterogeneous in nature. There are around 30 billion vehicles in India growing at the rate of 15-17% annually. The probability of accidents is also increasing. Average number of road accidents per thousand vehicles is around 23 which is the highest in the world. Buses and trucks are responsible for 43% of accidents.
Hence a number of intelligent transport system technologies were developed to allow safe and easy transportation. They vary from basic management system such as CCTV systems, triangular method or floating car data, vehicle re-identification, GPS based traffic system to emergency vehicle notification systems.
3.1. CCTV AND SPEED CAMERAS
The CCTV and speed cameras can track the speeding vehicles in a periphery of 1km but they won’t be able to prevent immediate accidents and they do not take immediate measures.
The number plate recognition system can track the vehicle of the rash driver but by the time the vehicle is recognized and cops arrive at the spot there is a possibility that the person speeding up might have already encountered an accident.
3.2. TRIANGULAR METHOD OR FLOATING CAR DATA
In developed countries a high proportion of cars contain one or more mobile phones. These phones periodically transmit their present location information to the mobile phone network even when no voice connection is established. In mid 2000’s attempts were made to use mobile phones as anonymous traffic probes.
With the increase in congestion there is more number of cars, more phones, more probes. Triangular method is complicated especially in areas where same mobile phone tower serves two or more parallel routes. By early 2010 popularity of triangular method was declining.
3.3. VEHICLE RE-IDENTIFICATION
These methods require set of detectors mounted along the road. A unique serial number for a device in the vehicle is detected at one location and then detected again further down the next road. Travel times and speed are calculated by comparing the time at which a specific device is detected by pairs of sensors. It started in 1954 and was standardized in 1981 by National Highway Traffic Safety Administration
3.4. GPS BASED METHODS
An increasing number of vehicles are equipped with in-vehicle GPS (satellite navigation) systems that have two-way communication with a traffic data provider. Position readings from these vehicles are used to compute vehicle speeds.
3.5. EMERGENCY VEHICLE NOTIFICATION SYSTEM
The in-vehicle e-call is an emergency call generated manually by the vehicle occupants or automatically via activation of in-vehicle sensors after the accidents. When activated, the in-vehicle e-Call device will establish an emergency call carrying both voice and data directly to the nearest emergency point (normally the nearest public safety answering point). The data contains information about the incident, including time, precise location, the direction the vehicle was traveling, and vehicle identification which will help in aid reaching the person within minutes of accident.
We reviewed a number of journal papers, reports of various authorities’ worldwide, interviewed people from the industry (B.E.L) and visited the Traffic Management Centre, Bangalore to gather the information given in this report