27-07-2011, 09:21 AM
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1. INTRODUCTION
Taking into account that our world is getting automated, in the present scenario machines and new technologies are taking the place of human beings. Take the case of car parking system in a shopping mall or a stadium. It is difficult for a human to constantly examine the perpetual flow of vehicles to the parking space.
The automated car parking system provides an easier and more simplified ways to manage the above situation and to avoid any dilemma occurring in a parking space. By using the system we can always get the number of vehicles present in a parking lot. The parking size is predetermined so its always easy t manage the parking area.
CHAPTER 2
BLOCK DIAGRAM
2.1 BLOCK DIAGRAM EXPLANATION
2.1.1 IR TRANSMITTER RECEIVER PAIR
There are two IR transmitter and receiver pair, one pair is kept at the entry point of the parking area, the second pair is kept at the exit point. Thus we can get can get a proper detection of those who are entering and leaving the parking lot.
2.1.2 LOGIC CONTROL CIRCUIT
This part of the system is used to generate the interrupt pulse for the microcontroller. Logic control circuit consists of a LM 324 comparator and a 74LS76 JK flip flop.
2.1.3 MICROCONTROLLER
This is the heart of the system which gives the proper count of the vehicles entering and leaving. A T 89C52 microcontroller is used here. Port 0, Port 1, Port 2 pins of microcontroller are used for display. The interrupt from the Logic circuits is given to the INT0 & INT1 of microcontroller.
2.1.4 DISPLAY
The display unit can show from 0 to 999. Their re three 7-segment displays used here
CHAPTER 3
HARDWARE ANALYSIS
3.2 CIRCUIT DESCRIPTION
3.1 CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
3.2.1 POWER SUPPLY
The circuit is powered by regulated 5vV. The AC mains is stepped down by transformer to deliver secondary output of 7.5V, 250m, which is rectified by bridge rectifier BR1, filtered by capacitor C6 and regulated by IC 7805. Capacitor C7 bypasses any in the regulated output.
3.2.2 PHOTO TRANSISTOR RECEIVER PAIR
The phototransistor receiver pair is kept at the entry and exit points, L1 4F1 phototransistor is used. Its used to detect passing of vehicles. When no vehicle is passing the IR beam continuously falls on the phototransistor T1,it conducts and the high voltage drives the emitter of the transistor T3. that is 2N 3904, so its in saturation.
3.2.3 COMPARATOR SECTION
Comparator is used in circuit so as to make signal when vehicle enters or exits. It consists of a LM 324 op-amp. When no vehicle is passing the T3 is in saturation and so pin 3 of comparator is low, so the output at pin 1 is high. When a vehicle passes T3 is in cut-off so pin 3 goes high. So pin 1 move to low state and gives negative trigger to the pin 3 of IC74LS76.
3.2.4 J-K FLIP-FLOP SECTION
The J-K flip flop 74LS76 is used here. The set pulse for J-K flip flop is given from the Port pins 3.0 & 3.1 of AT 89C52. The out pin 1 of comparator provides the negative trigger pulse to pin 1 of J-K flip flop. At this moment, the high input at ‘J’ and ‘K’ pins of flip flop IC 2(A) toggles its output to low.
On the other hand, low input at ‘J’ and ‘K’ pins of IC 2(B) due to clock pin 1 of IC 2(A) and ‘J’ and ‘K’ inputs of IC 2(B) are connected to pin 1 of comparator
N1. The clock pin 6 of IC 2(B) when the car interrupts the IR beam from IR TX2. There is no change in the output of IC 2(B) flip-flop. This trigger external interrupt INT0 of microcontroller AT 89C52.
3.2.5 MICROCONTROLLER
The AT 89C52 is an 8 bit microcontroller with 8 kB of flash based program memory, 256 bytes of RAM, 32 input/output lines, three 16 bit timers/counters, on-chip oscillator and clock circuitry. A 12MHz crystal is used for providing clock.
Port 0,1 and 2 are configured for 7-segment displays. Port-0 pin is externally pulled up with 10-kiilo-ohm resistor network RNW1 because Port-0 is an 8-bit, open-drain, bidirectional I/O port. Port-1 and port-2 are 8-bit bidirectional I/O ports with internal pull-ups. External interrupts INT0 and INT1 receive the interrupt pulse when the person interrupts the IR beam. Resistor R9 and capacitor C5 provide power-on-reset pulse to the microcontroller. Switch S1 is used for manual reset.
When microcontroller is reset, the flip-flops are brought in ‘set‘state through the microcontroller at software run time by making their ‘set’ pin high for a moment. The value of the counter increments by ‘1’ when the interrupts service routine for INT0 is executed. The output of the corresponding J-K flip-flop is set to ‘high’ again by making its ‘set’ input pin low through the microcontroller. The microcontroller is configured as a negative edge triggered interrupt sensor.
3.2.6 DISPLAY UNIT
There are three LTS 543 7-segment displays. They can show from 0 to 999. Port 0,1 and 2 are used to connect the display.
1. INTRODUCTION
Taking into account that our world is getting automated, in the present scenario machines and new technologies are taking the place of human beings. Take the case of car parking system in a shopping mall or a stadium. It is difficult for a human to constantly examine the perpetual flow of vehicles to the parking space.
The automated car parking system provides an easier and more simplified ways to manage the above situation and to avoid any dilemma occurring in a parking space. By using the system we can always get the number of vehicles present in a parking lot. The parking size is predetermined so its always easy t manage the parking area.
CHAPTER 2
BLOCK DIAGRAM
2.1 BLOCK DIAGRAM EXPLANATION
2.1.1 IR TRANSMITTER RECEIVER PAIR
There are two IR transmitter and receiver pair, one pair is kept at the entry point of the parking area, the second pair is kept at the exit point. Thus we can get can get a proper detection of those who are entering and leaving the parking lot.
2.1.2 LOGIC CONTROL CIRCUIT
This part of the system is used to generate the interrupt pulse for the microcontroller. Logic control circuit consists of a LM 324 comparator and a 74LS76 JK flip flop.
2.1.3 MICROCONTROLLER
This is the heart of the system which gives the proper count of the vehicles entering and leaving. A T 89C52 microcontroller is used here. Port 0, Port 1, Port 2 pins of microcontroller are used for display. The interrupt from the Logic circuits is given to the INT0 & INT1 of microcontroller.
2.1.4 DISPLAY
The display unit can show from 0 to 999. Their re three 7-segment displays used here
CHAPTER 3
HARDWARE ANALYSIS
3.2 CIRCUIT DESCRIPTION
3.1 CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
3.2.1 POWER SUPPLY
The circuit is powered by regulated 5vV. The AC mains is stepped down by transformer to deliver secondary output of 7.5V, 250m, which is rectified by bridge rectifier BR1, filtered by capacitor C6 and regulated by IC 7805. Capacitor C7 bypasses any in the regulated output.
3.2.2 PHOTO TRANSISTOR RECEIVER PAIR
The phototransistor receiver pair is kept at the entry and exit points, L1 4F1 phototransistor is used. Its used to detect passing of vehicles. When no vehicle is passing the IR beam continuously falls on the phototransistor T1,it conducts and the high voltage drives the emitter of the transistor T3. that is 2N 3904, so its in saturation.
3.2.3 COMPARATOR SECTION
Comparator is used in circuit so as to make signal when vehicle enters or exits. It consists of a LM 324 op-amp. When no vehicle is passing the T3 is in saturation and so pin 3 of comparator is low, so the output at pin 1 is high. When a vehicle passes T3 is in cut-off so pin 3 goes high. So pin 1 move to low state and gives negative trigger to the pin 3 of IC74LS76.
3.2.4 J-K FLIP-FLOP SECTION
The J-K flip flop 74LS76 is used here. The set pulse for J-K flip flop is given from the Port pins 3.0 & 3.1 of AT 89C52. The out pin 1 of comparator provides the negative trigger pulse to pin 1 of J-K flip flop. At this moment, the high input at ‘J’ and ‘K’ pins of flip flop IC 2(A) toggles its output to low.
On the other hand, low input at ‘J’ and ‘K’ pins of IC 2(B) due to clock pin 1 of IC 2(A) and ‘J’ and ‘K’ inputs of IC 2(B) are connected to pin 1 of comparator
N1. The clock pin 6 of IC 2(B) when the car interrupts the IR beam from IR TX2. There is no change in the output of IC 2(B) flip-flop. This trigger external interrupt INT0 of microcontroller AT 89C52.
3.2.5 MICROCONTROLLER
The AT 89C52 is an 8 bit microcontroller with 8 kB of flash based program memory, 256 bytes of RAM, 32 input/output lines, three 16 bit timers/counters, on-chip oscillator and clock circuitry. A 12MHz crystal is used for providing clock.
Port 0,1 and 2 are configured for 7-segment displays. Port-0 pin is externally pulled up with 10-kiilo-ohm resistor network RNW1 because Port-0 is an 8-bit, open-drain, bidirectional I/O port. Port-1 and port-2 are 8-bit bidirectional I/O ports with internal pull-ups. External interrupts INT0 and INT1 receive the interrupt pulse when the person interrupts the IR beam. Resistor R9 and capacitor C5 provide power-on-reset pulse to the microcontroller. Switch S1 is used for manual reset.
When microcontroller is reset, the flip-flops are brought in ‘set‘state through the microcontroller at software run time by making their ‘set’ pin high for a moment. The value of the counter increments by ‘1’ when the interrupts service routine for INT0 is executed. The output of the corresponding J-K flip-flop is set to ‘high’ again by making its ‘set’ input pin low through the microcontroller. The microcontroller is configured as a negative edge triggered interrupt sensor.
3.2.6 DISPLAY UNIT
There are three LTS 543 7-segment displays. They can show from 0 to 999. Port 0,1 and 2 are used to connect the display.
