21-06-2011, 12:49 PM
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Accidents
There are many systems like air bags, GPS, robo driven cars, tracked cars etc which can avert accidents to some extent.
But they are not much effective and hence loss of lives is continuing.
REASONS FOR ACCIDENT
Ignoring traffic rules
Drunken driving
Dream driving
Mechanical failures in the vehicle
Mistakes of the drivers
vision
Braking distance of a vehicle for a particular speed is the distance at which the vehicle comes to a halt from the current speed from the point of application of the brakes.
Here the speed of the vehicle is sensed and the corresponding braking distance is calculated using a microcontroller
If the distances are within critical limits, the microcontroller activates the brakes and slows down the vehicle or brings the vehicle to a halt before the obstacle thus avoiding the collision
FACTORS CONSIDERED
Braking Distance
Distance of obstacle in front
Braking Distance
Braking distance = V2 /2µg m
Where V- Velocity of the vehicle(m/s)
µ-Coefficient of friction of the road=0.8
g-acceleration due to gravity=9.81m/s2
Distance of Obstacle in Front
The distance of any obstacle, a parked or a moving vehicle, a road block, a tree in the roadside, is sensed using an Ultrasonic sensor and it is fed to the microcontroller
INSTRUMENTS
Hall sensor
Ultrasonic distance sensor
Microcontroller kit
Braking motor
Hall sensor
A Hall sensor is a transducer that varies its output voltage in response to changes in magnetic field density
Location of the sensor
Two Magnets were fastened on the spokes of the vehicle.
Sensor is attached to the inner side of the mud guard.
When the wheel completes one rotation a pulse will be coming out form the sensor.
This pulse is given as input to the microcontroller
Ultrasonic Distance Sensor
This senses the distance of the obstacles from its location and it gives an equivalent analog output for the distance sensed.
Ultrasonic waves of 40 KHz frequency will be sent from the transmitter of the sensor
This ultrasonic wave will be reflected back from the obstacle. An ultrasonic receiver present in the same sensor receives these waves after reflection. The time difference between transmission and receiving is calculated and the distance is estimated by program present in the ASIC (Application Specified Integrated Chip) present in the sensor
Relay
Microcontroller kit ATMEL 89c51
It is a low power, high performance CMOS 8 bit microcomputer with 4k bytes of flash programmable and erasable read only memory (FLASH ROM)
It is a powerful microcomputer providing highly flexible and cost effective solution too many embedded control applications.
Specifications
Make : Atmel
microcontroller : AMEGA8-16PI
Braking motor
The easy way to apply the brake is to pull the cables.
The Hobson’s choice is an electric motor.
The rotation causes the braking.
The motor selected had very high initial torque so the application of the brakes will be very sudden and the vehicle comes to a halt immediately.
Specifications
12V DC
100 Ampere, Series motor.
BLOCK DIAGRAM
GRAPH
ECONOMIC FACTORS
Hall Sensor : Rs. 225.00
Ultrasonic Distance Sensor : Rs. 1700.00
Braking Motor : Rs. 900.00
Total :Rs. 2825.00
CONCEPTUAL PROTOTYPE
CONCLUSION
The Intelligent Braking system, if implemented can avert lots of accidents and can save invaluable human lives and property.
Implementation of such an advanced system can be made compulsory ,similar to wearing of seat belts so that accidents can be averted to some extent
Accidents
There are many systems like air bags, GPS, robo driven cars, tracked cars etc which can avert accidents to some extent.
But they are not much effective and hence loss of lives is continuing.
REASONS FOR ACCIDENT
Ignoring traffic rules
Drunken driving
Dream driving
Mechanical failures in the vehicle
Mistakes of the drivers
vision
Braking distance of a vehicle for a particular speed is the distance at which the vehicle comes to a halt from the current speed from the point of application of the brakes.
Here the speed of the vehicle is sensed and the corresponding braking distance is calculated using a microcontroller
If the distances are within critical limits, the microcontroller activates the brakes and slows down the vehicle or brings the vehicle to a halt before the obstacle thus avoiding the collision
FACTORS CONSIDERED
Braking Distance
Distance of obstacle in front
Braking Distance
Braking distance = V2 /2µg m
Where V- Velocity of the vehicle(m/s)
µ-Coefficient of friction of the road=0.8
g-acceleration due to gravity=9.81m/s2
Distance of Obstacle in Front
The distance of any obstacle, a parked or a moving vehicle, a road block, a tree in the roadside, is sensed using an Ultrasonic sensor and it is fed to the microcontroller
INSTRUMENTS
Hall sensor
Ultrasonic distance sensor
Microcontroller kit
Braking motor
Hall sensor
A Hall sensor is a transducer that varies its output voltage in response to changes in magnetic field density
Location of the sensor
Two Magnets were fastened on the spokes of the vehicle.
Sensor is attached to the inner side of the mud guard.
When the wheel completes one rotation a pulse will be coming out form the sensor.
This pulse is given as input to the microcontroller
Ultrasonic Distance Sensor
This senses the distance of the obstacles from its location and it gives an equivalent analog output for the distance sensed.
Ultrasonic waves of 40 KHz frequency will be sent from the transmitter of the sensor
This ultrasonic wave will be reflected back from the obstacle. An ultrasonic receiver present in the same sensor receives these waves after reflection. The time difference between transmission and receiving is calculated and the distance is estimated by program present in the ASIC (Application Specified Integrated Chip) present in the sensor
Relay
Microcontroller kit ATMEL 89c51
It is a low power, high performance CMOS 8 bit microcomputer with 4k bytes of flash programmable and erasable read only memory (FLASH ROM)
It is a powerful microcomputer providing highly flexible and cost effective solution too many embedded control applications.
Specifications
Make : Atmel
microcontroller : AMEGA8-16PI
Braking motor
The easy way to apply the brake is to pull the cables.
The Hobson’s choice is an electric motor.
The rotation causes the braking.
The motor selected had very high initial torque so the application of the brakes will be very sudden and the vehicle comes to a halt immediately.
Specifications
12V DC
100 Ampere, Series motor.
BLOCK DIAGRAM
GRAPH
ECONOMIC FACTORS
Hall Sensor : Rs. 225.00
Ultrasonic Distance Sensor : Rs. 1700.00
Braking Motor : Rs. 900.00
Total :Rs. 2825.00
CONCEPTUAL PROTOTYPE
CONCLUSION
The Intelligent Braking system, if implemented can avert lots of accidents and can save invaluable human lives and property.
Implementation of such an advanced system can be made compulsory ,similar to wearing of seat belts so that accidents can be averted to some extent
