09-05-2011, 03:47 PM
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Augmented Reality
1. Introduction
Augmented Reality :
An Augmented Reality system generates a composite view for the user. It’s a combination of the real scene viewed by the user and a virtual scene generated by the computer that augments the scene with additional information.
AR systems have the following three properties:
Blends real and virtual, in real environment
Interactive in real time
Registered in 3D
1.1 AR View
2. Virtual Reality (VR)
“A computer generated, interactive, three-dimensional environment in which a person is immersed.”
Requires high performance computer graphics to provide an adequate level of realism
Blocks out all the external world and present to the wearer a view that is under the complete control of the computer
3. VR v/s AR
Virtual Reality
Totally immersive environment.
Completely immersed in an artificial world and becomes divorced from the real environment
Visual senses are under control of system
Augmented Reality
System augments the real world scene
User maintains a sense of presence in real world
Needs a mechanism to combine virtual and real worlds
3.1 Reality-Virtuality Continuum
4. Need for AR
For some applications, it may be desirable to use as much as possible real world in the scene rather creating a new scene using computer imagery. Eg. Medicine and telerobotics
Can maintain the high-level of detail and realism that one finds in the real world.
AR enhances real world, while VR replaces or simulates the real world
5. Design
The four components of any AR system are
5.1 The Display System (usually an HMD)
5.2 The Tracking System
5.3 Mobile Computing Power
5.4 Input device (usually a wrist mounted keyboard)
5.1 The Display System
Allows the user to see the image and text created by the Augmented Reality Systems
There are basically two types of display systems: 5.1.1 Optical see-through
5.1.2 Video see-through
5.1.1 Optical see-through displays
Direct viewing of real world through naked eye
Uses optical combiners- partially reflective, partially transmissive
Similar to HUDs used in military aircrafts
5.1.1 Optical see-through display
5.1.2 Video see-through display
Combination of closed-view HMD and one or more head-mounted video cameras
Video from camera combined with graphic images created by the scene generator
Advantages of Optical see-through display
Simplicity- cheap and simple (one video stream).
Resolution- user’s real world view is not retarded
Safety
No eye offset
5.2 The Tracking System
Used to find the position and orientation of the viewer
Where the user is located with respect to his surroundings
Movement of user’s head
The two main functions of tracking system:
Find the person’s position in space
Using the three Cartesian coordinates- x, y and z
Find the direction in which the person is looking
Using three angles- pitch(or elevation), roll and yaw(azimuth)
Tracking System (contd)
The six degrees of freedom
5.3 Mobile Computing Power
Ideal computing device – wearable computers
Freedom in movement
Ergonomics
Ruggedness (depends on the application)
Features:
Portable while operational
Hands-free use
Attention getting
Always ON
Mobile Computing Power (contd)
6. Challenges/Design Issues
6.1 Display Issues
Focus and contrast
Eye offset
Field of view
6.2 Registration Issues
6.3 Tracking Issues
Sample rate
Update rate
Latency
6.4 Portability Issue
6.2 Registration Issues
6.2.1 Static Errors
Optical Distortions
Mechanical misalignments
Incorrect viewing parameters(FOV, interpupillary dist.)
6.2.2 Dynamic Errors
System lag (latency)
6.3 Tracking Issues
Sample rate- rate at which sensors are checked for data
Update rate- The rate at which the system reports new position coordinates to the host computer
Latency(or lag)- delay between the movement of the remotely sensed object and the report of the new position
7. Applications
7.1 Medical
Training aid – Virtual instructions for a novice surgeon
Surgery – ultrasound imaging
7.2 Manufacturing and repair
Machine assembly – Instructions as 3-D drawings superimposed upon the actual equipment
7.3 Military
BARS- Battle Field Augmented Reality System
Military Aircrafts-HUDs and HMSs
7.4 Annotation and Visualization
Used in sports – to name or point out cars in a race
7.5 Entertainment
Games – the most recent one being an AR version of the popular game Quake- ARQuake
7.1 Applications: Medicine
7.2 Applications: Manufacture/Repair
7.4 Applications: Annotation
8. Future Prospects
AR has a wide vista of applications in store for future:
Medical: In minimal invasive surgeries, endoscopy, laparoscopy
Collaborative Applications: Military- BARS
Commercial Applications: Ads, games and sports-Race F/X
Tourism: ARCHEOGUIDE- helps tourists with info. Implemented in Greece on a test basis.
Multimodal displays (haptics and auditory interactions)
9. Conclusion
AR systems are far behind VR systems in terms of maturity. Augmented Reality is a relatively new field, where most of the research efforts have occurred in the past few years. Because of the numerous challenges and unexplored avenues in this area, AR will remain a vibrant area of research for at least the next several years.
After the basic problems with AR are solved, the ultimate goal will be to generate virtual objects that are so realistic that they are virtually indistinguishable from the real environment.
Augmented Reality
1. Introduction
Augmented Reality :
An Augmented Reality system generates a composite view for the user. It’s a combination of the real scene viewed by the user and a virtual scene generated by the computer that augments the scene with additional information.
AR systems have the following three properties:
Blends real and virtual, in real environment
Interactive in real time
Registered in 3D
1.1 AR View
2. Virtual Reality (VR)
“A computer generated, interactive, three-dimensional environment in which a person is immersed.”
Requires high performance computer graphics to provide an adequate level of realism
Blocks out all the external world and present to the wearer a view that is under the complete control of the computer
3. VR v/s AR
Virtual Reality
Totally immersive environment.
Completely immersed in an artificial world and becomes divorced from the real environment
Visual senses are under control of system
Augmented Reality
System augments the real world scene
User maintains a sense of presence in real world
Needs a mechanism to combine virtual and real worlds
3.1 Reality-Virtuality Continuum
4. Need for AR
For some applications, it may be desirable to use as much as possible real world in the scene rather creating a new scene using computer imagery. Eg. Medicine and telerobotics
Can maintain the high-level of detail and realism that one finds in the real world.
AR enhances real world, while VR replaces or simulates the real world
5. Design
The four components of any AR system are
5.1 The Display System (usually an HMD)
5.2 The Tracking System
5.3 Mobile Computing Power
5.4 Input device (usually a wrist mounted keyboard)
5.1 The Display System
Allows the user to see the image and text created by the Augmented Reality Systems
There are basically two types of display systems: 5.1.1 Optical see-through
5.1.2 Video see-through
5.1.1 Optical see-through displays
Direct viewing of real world through naked eye
Uses optical combiners- partially reflective, partially transmissive
Similar to HUDs used in military aircrafts
5.1.1 Optical see-through display
5.1.2 Video see-through display
Combination of closed-view HMD and one or more head-mounted video cameras
Video from camera combined with graphic images created by the scene generator
Advantages of Optical see-through display
Simplicity- cheap and simple (one video stream).
Resolution- user’s real world view is not retarded
Safety
No eye offset
5.2 The Tracking System
Used to find the position and orientation of the viewer
Where the user is located with respect to his surroundings
Movement of user’s head
The two main functions of tracking system:
Find the person’s position in space
Using the three Cartesian coordinates- x, y and z
Find the direction in which the person is looking
Using three angles- pitch(or elevation), roll and yaw(azimuth)
Tracking System (contd)
The six degrees of freedom
5.3 Mobile Computing Power
Ideal computing device – wearable computers
Freedom in movement
Ergonomics
Ruggedness (depends on the application)
Features:
Portable while operational
Hands-free use
Attention getting
Always ON
Mobile Computing Power (contd)
6. Challenges/Design Issues
6.1 Display Issues
Focus and contrast
Eye offset
Field of view
6.2 Registration Issues
6.3 Tracking Issues
Sample rate
Update rate
Latency
6.4 Portability Issue
6.2 Registration Issues
6.2.1 Static Errors
Optical Distortions
Mechanical misalignments
Incorrect viewing parameters(FOV, interpupillary dist.)
6.2.2 Dynamic Errors
System lag (latency)
6.3 Tracking Issues
Sample rate- rate at which sensors are checked for data
Update rate- The rate at which the system reports new position coordinates to the host computer
Latency(or lag)- delay between the movement of the remotely sensed object and the report of the new position
7. Applications
7.1 Medical
Training aid – Virtual instructions for a novice surgeon
Surgery – ultrasound imaging
7.2 Manufacturing and repair
Machine assembly – Instructions as 3-D drawings superimposed upon the actual equipment
7.3 Military
BARS- Battle Field Augmented Reality System
Military Aircrafts-HUDs and HMSs
7.4 Annotation and Visualization
Used in sports – to name or point out cars in a race
7.5 Entertainment
Games – the most recent one being an AR version of the popular game Quake- ARQuake
7.1 Applications: Medicine
7.2 Applications: Manufacture/Repair
7.4 Applications: Annotation
8. Future Prospects
AR has a wide vista of applications in store for future:
Medical: In minimal invasive surgeries, endoscopy, laparoscopy
Collaborative Applications: Military- BARS
Commercial Applications: Ads, games and sports-Race F/X
Tourism: ARCHEOGUIDE- helps tourists with info. Implemented in Greece on a test basis.
Multimodal displays (haptics and auditory interactions)
9. Conclusion
AR systems are far behind VR systems in terms of maturity. Augmented Reality is a relatively new field, where most of the research efforts have occurred in the past few years. Because of the numerous challenges and unexplored avenues in this area, AR will remain a vibrant area of research for at least the next several years.
After the basic problems with AR are solved, the ultimate goal will be to generate virtual objects that are so realistic that they are virtually indistinguishable from the real environment.
