27-04-2011, 04:48 PM
PRESENTED BY
E. Bhanu pratap
Sri Ramudu
P. Divya
R. Vijay babu
[attachment=12963]
ABSTRACT
The main aim of the project is to provide the information on the availability of parking in multiplexes with out any operator in parking area by displaying availability of the parking before entering in to parking area
Parking is one of the problems facing by the people in huge buildings, multiplexers etc.It is difficult for a person to find parking space where there may be more number of parking rooms in more number of floors in a building.
This project provides easy parking availability in multiplexes where there may be multi level parking. A display is provided at the entrance of the parking area which displays the number of slots available for parking. When the all of the parking slots are occupied the displays Zero parking slots available so that one can drive to another parking level or parking area with out wasting time in searching for parking slot in that area. This system requires no operator as one can find the availability of parking slot automatically by knowing the number of free parking slots in that area.
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
1.1. OBJECTIVE:
The main aim of the project is to provide the information on the availability of parking in huge multiplexes with out any human guidance in parking area by displaying the availability of the parking before entering in to parking area.
1.2. PROBLEM DEFINATION:
Parking is one of the problems facing by the people in huge buildings, multiplexers etc.It is difficult for a person to find parking space where there may be more number of parking rooms in more number of floors in a building. Also it is costly to maintain human guidance in such huge complexes. In fact many multiplexes spend lots of money for parking in busy cities. So the project has been developed to over come this problem.
1.3. PROBLEM SOLVING APPROACH:
This project provides easy parking availability in multiplexes where there may be multi level parking. A display is provided at the entrance of the parking area which displays the number of slots available for parking. When the all of the parking slots are occupied it displays Zero parking slots available, so that one can drive to another parking level or parking area with out wasting time in searching for parking slot in that area. This system requires no human guidance as one can find the availability of parking slot automatically by knowing the number of free parking slots in that area. The project is simple to construct and easy to implement. The project is cheaper as it uses microcontroller, IR sensors, and 7 segment displays as its main blocks.
1.4. AREA OF THE PROJECT:
The project deals with embedded systems. The main constituents of the project are hardware and software parts. The hardware part deals with microcontrollers, IR sensors, and seven segment LED displays. The software part deals with embedded ‘c’.
CHAPTER 2
MICROCONTROLLERS
2.1. EMBEDDED DESIGN:
A microcontroller can be considered a self-contained system with a processor, memory and peripherals and can be used as a system. The majority of microcontrollers in use today are embedded in other machinery, such as automobiles, telephones, appliances, and peripherals for computer systems. These are called embedded systems. While some embedded systems are very sophisticated, many have minimal requirements for memory and program length, with no operating system, and low software complexity. Typical input and output devices include switches, relays, solenoids, LEDs, small or custom LCD displays, radio frequency devices, and sensors for data such as temperature, humidity, light level etc. Embedded systems usually have no keyboard, screen, disks, printers, or other recognizable I/O devices of a personal computer, and may lack human interaction devices of any kind.
2.2. BLOCK DIAGRAM OF MICROCONTROLLER:
Microcontroller is a small computer on a single integrated circuit containing a processor core, memory, and programmable input/output peripherals. Program memory in the form of NOR flash or OTP ROM is also often included on chip, as well as a typically small amount of RAM. Microcontrollers are designed for embedded applications, in contrast to the microprocessors used in personal computers or other general purpose applications.
Microcontrollers are used in automatically controlled products and devices, such as automobile engine control systems, implantable medical devices, remote controls, office machines, appliances, power tools, and toys. By reducing the size and cost compared to a design that uses a separate microprocessor, memory, and input/output devices, microcontrollers make it economical to digitally control even more devices and processes.
Mixed signal microcontrollers are common, integrating analog components needed to control non-digital electronic systems. Some microcontrollers may use four-bit words and operate at clock rate frequencies as low as 4 kHz, for low power consumption (mill watts or microwatts). They will generally have the ability to retain functionality while waiting for an event such as a button press or other interrupt; power consumption while sleeping (CPU clock and most peripherals off) may be just nano watts, making many of them well suited for long lasting battery applications. Other microcontrollers may serve performance-critical roles, where they may need to act more like a digital signal processor (DSP), with higher clock speeds and power consumption.
2.3. TYPES OF MICROCONTROLLERS:
Some of the types of microcontrollers are:
a) Intel 8051
b) Atmel AVR
c) PIC
d) Texas Instruments Microcontrollers
e) Free scale 68HC11
2.3.1. INTEL 8051:
• 8-bit ALU, Accumulator and 8-bit Registers, hence it is an 8-bit microcontroller.
• 8-bit data bus – It can access 8 bits of data in one operation.
• 16-bit address bus – It can access 216 memory locations – 64 KB (65536 locations) each of RAM and ROM.
• On-chip RAM – 128 bytes (data memory).
• On-chip ROM – 4 KB (program memory).
• Four byte bi-directional input/output port.
• UART (serial port).
• Two 16-bit Counter/timers.
• Two-level interrupt priority.
• Power saving mode (on some derivatives).
2.3.2. ATMEL AVR:
• Multifunction, bi-directional general purpose I/O ports with configurable, built-in pull-up resistors.
• Multiple internal oscillators, including RC oscillator without external parts.
• Internal, self-programmable instruction flash memory up to 256 KB, Internal data EEPROM up to 4 KB, Internal SRAM up to 16 KB, External 64 KB little Endean data space on certain models, including the Mega8515 and Mega162. \
• 8-Bit and 16-Bit timers, PWM output, Input capture.
• 10 or 12-Bit A/D converters, with multiplex of up to 16 channels, 12-bit D/A converters.
• Brownout detection, Watchdog timer (WDT).
• CAN controller support, USB controller support, Ethernet controller support, LCD controller support.
2.3.3. PIC MICROCONTROLLERS:
• High performance RISC CPU.
• Only 35 single word instructions to learn, all single cycle instructions except for program branches which are two cycle.
• Operating speed: DC - 20 MHz clock input, DC - 200 ns instruction cycle.
• Up to 8K x 14 words of FLASH Program Memory, Up to 368 x 8 bytes of Data Memory (RAM), Up to 256 x 8 bytes of EEPROM Data Memory.
• Pin out compatible to the PIC16C73B/74B/76/77, Interrupt capability (up to 14 sources).
• Power-on Reset (POR), Power-up Timer (PWRT) and Oscillator Start-up Timer (OST).
• Watchdog Timer (WDT) with its own on-chip RC, oscillator for reliable operation.
• Low power, high speed CMOS FLASH/EEPROM technology.
• Low-power consumption:
< 0.6 mA typical at 3V, 4 MHz
20 µA typical at 3V, 32 kHz
< 1 µA typical standby current
2.3.4. TEXAS INSTRUMENTS MICROCONTROLLERS:
Texas Instruments has a very wide range of microcontrollers.
• MSP430: Low cost, low power consumption and general purpose 16-bit MCU for use in embedded applications.
• TMS320C2xxx: 16 and 32 bit MCU family optimized for real-time control applications.
• Stellar is ARM Cortex-M3 based 32-bit MCU family (In the past, TI has also sold microcontrollers based on ARM7 (TMS470) and 8051 cores)
2.3.5. FREE SCALE 68HC11:
• The 68HC11 is an 8-bit microcontroller family introduced by Motorola.
• Now it is produced by Free scale Semiconductor, it descended from the Motorola 6800 microprocessor.
• It is a CISC microcontroller.
• The Free scale 68HC12 is an enhanced 16-bit version of the 68HC11.
• The Free scale 68HC16 microcontroller is intended as a 16-bit mostly software compatible upgrade of the 68HC11.
2.4. CRITERIA IN CHOOSING A MICROCONTROLLER:
• The first and foremost criterion for choosing a microcontroller is that it must meet task at hands efficiently and cost effectively. In analyzing the needs of a microcontroller based project we must first see whether it is an 8-bit, 16-bit or 32-bit microcontroller and how best it can handle the computing needs of the task most effectively. The other considerations in this category are:
Speed: The highest speed that the microcontroller supports.
Packaging: Is it 40-pin DIP or QPF or some other packaging format? This is important in terms of space, assembling and prototyping the End product.
Power Consumption: This is especially critical for battery-powered Products.
The amount of RAM and ROM on chip.
The number of I/O pins and timers on the chip.
Cost per unit: This is important in terms of final product in which a microcontroller is used.
• The second criteria in choosing a microcontroller are how easy it is to develop products around it. Key considerations include the availability of an assembler, debugger, a code efficient ‘C’ language compiler, emulator, technical support and both in house and outside expertise. In many cases third party vendor support for chip is required.
• The third criteria in choosing a microcontroller is it readily available in needed quantities both now and in future. For some designers this is even more important than first two criteria’s.
E. Bhanu pratap
Sri Ramudu
P. Divya
R. Vijay babu
[attachment=12963]
ABSTRACT
The main aim of the project is to provide the information on the availability of parking in multiplexes with out any operator in parking area by displaying availability of the parking before entering in to parking area
Parking is one of the problems facing by the people in huge buildings, multiplexers etc.It is difficult for a person to find parking space where there may be more number of parking rooms in more number of floors in a building.
This project provides easy parking availability in multiplexes where there may be multi level parking. A display is provided at the entrance of the parking area which displays the number of slots available for parking. When the all of the parking slots are occupied the displays Zero parking slots available so that one can drive to another parking level or parking area with out wasting time in searching for parking slot in that area. This system requires no operator as one can find the availability of parking slot automatically by knowing the number of free parking slots in that area.
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
1.1. OBJECTIVE:
The main aim of the project is to provide the information on the availability of parking in huge multiplexes with out any human guidance in parking area by displaying the availability of the parking before entering in to parking area.
1.2. PROBLEM DEFINATION:
Parking is one of the problems facing by the people in huge buildings, multiplexers etc.It is difficult for a person to find parking space where there may be more number of parking rooms in more number of floors in a building. Also it is costly to maintain human guidance in such huge complexes. In fact many multiplexes spend lots of money for parking in busy cities. So the project has been developed to over come this problem.
1.3. PROBLEM SOLVING APPROACH:
This project provides easy parking availability in multiplexes where there may be multi level parking. A display is provided at the entrance of the parking area which displays the number of slots available for parking. When the all of the parking slots are occupied it displays Zero parking slots available, so that one can drive to another parking level or parking area with out wasting time in searching for parking slot in that area. This system requires no human guidance as one can find the availability of parking slot automatically by knowing the number of free parking slots in that area. The project is simple to construct and easy to implement. The project is cheaper as it uses microcontroller, IR sensors, and 7 segment displays as its main blocks.
1.4. AREA OF THE PROJECT:
The project deals with embedded systems. The main constituents of the project are hardware and software parts. The hardware part deals with microcontrollers, IR sensors, and seven segment LED displays. The software part deals with embedded ‘c’.
CHAPTER 2
MICROCONTROLLERS
2.1. EMBEDDED DESIGN:
A microcontroller can be considered a self-contained system with a processor, memory and peripherals and can be used as a system. The majority of microcontrollers in use today are embedded in other machinery, such as automobiles, telephones, appliances, and peripherals for computer systems. These are called embedded systems. While some embedded systems are very sophisticated, many have minimal requirements for memory and program length, with no operating system, and low software complexity. Typical input and output devices include switches, relays, solenoids, LEDs, small or custom LCD displays, radio frequency devices, and sensors for data such as temperature, humidity, light level etc. Embedded systems usually have no keyboard, screen, disks, printers, or other recognizable I/O devices of a personal computer, and may lack human interaction devices of any kind.
2.2. BLOCK DIAGRAM OF MICROCONTROLLER:
Microcontroller is a small computer on a single integrated circuit containing a processor core, memory, and programmable input/output peripherals. Program memory in the form of NOR flash or OTP ROM is also often included on chip, as well as a typically small amount of RAM. Microcontrollers are designed for embedded applications, in contrast to the microprocessors used in personal computers or other general purpose applications.
Microcontrollers are used in automatically controlled products and devices, such as automobile engine control systems, implantable medical devices, remote controls, office machines, appliances, power tools, and toys. By reducing the size and cost compared to a design that uses a separate microprocessor, memory, and input/output devices, microcontrollers make it economical to digitally control even more devices and processes.
Mixed signal microcontrollers are common, integrating analog components needed to control non-digital electronic systems. Some microcontrollers may use four-bit words and operate at clock rate frequencies as low as 4 kHz, for low power consumption (mill watts or microwatts). They will generally have the ability to retain functionality while waiting for an event such as a button press or other interrupt; power consumption while sleeping (CPU clock and most peripherals off) may be just nano watts, making many of them well suited for long lasting battery applications. Other microcontrollers may serve performance-critical roles, where they may need to act more like a digital signal processor (DSP), with higher clock speeds and power consumption.
2.3. TYPES OF MICROCONTROLLERS:
Some of the types of microcontrollers are:
a) Intel 8051
b) Atmel AVR
c) PIC
d) Texas Instruments Microcontrollers
e) Free scale 68HC11
2.3.1. INTEL 8051:
• 8-bit ALU, Accumulator and 8-bit Registers, hence it is an 8-bit microcontroller.
• 8-bit data bus – It can access 8 bits of data in one operation.
• 16-bit address bus – It can access 216 memory locations – 64 KB (65536 locations) each of RAM and ROM.
• On-chip RAM – 128 bytes (data memory).
• On-chip ROM – 4 KB (program memory).
• Four byte bi-directional input/output port.
• UART (serial port).
• Two 16-bit Counter/timers.
• Two-level interrupt priority.
• Power saving mode (on some derivatives).
2.3.2. ATMEL AVR:
• Multifunction, bi-directional general purpose I/O ports with configurable, built-in pull-up resistors.
• Multiple internal oscillators, including RC oscillator without external parts.
• Internal, self-programmable instruction flash memory up to 256 KB, Internal data EEPROM up to 4 KB, Internal SRAM up to 16 KB, External 64 KB little Endean data space on certain models, including the Mega8515 and Mega162. \
• 8-Bit and 16-Bit timers, PWM output, Input capture.
• 10 or 12-Bit A/D converters, with multiplex of up to 16 channels, 12-bit D/A converters.
• Brownout detection, Watchdog timer (WDT).
• CAN controller support, USB controller support, Ethernet controller support, LCD controller support.
2.3.3. PIC MICROCONTROLLERS:
• High performance RISC CPU.
• Only 35 single word instructions to learn, all single cycle instructions except for program branches which are two cycle.
• Operating speed: DC - 20 MHz clock input, DC - 200 ns instruction cycle.
• Up to 8K x 14 words of FLASH Program Memory, Up to 368 x 8 bytes of Data Memory (RAM), Up to 256 x 8 bytes of EEPROM Data Memory.
• Pin out compatible to the PIC16C73B/74B/76/77, Interrupt capability (up to 14 sources).
• Power-on Reset (POR), Power-up Timer (PWRT) and Oscillator Start-up Timer (OST).
• Watchdog Timer (WDT) with its own on-chip RC, oscillator for reliable operation.
• Low power, high speed CMOS FLASH/EEPROM technology.
• Low-power consumption:
< 0.6 mA typical at 3V, 4 MHz
20 µA typical at 3V, 32 kHz
< 1 µA typical standby current
2.3.4. TEXAS INSTRUMENTS MICROCONTROLLERS:
Texas Instruments has a very wide range of microcontrollers.
• MSP430: Low cost, low power consumption and general purpose 16-bit MCU for use in embedded applications.
• TMS320C2xxx: 16 and 32 bit MCU family optimized for real-time control applications.
• Stellar is ARM Cortex-M3 based 32-bit MCU family (In the past, TI has also sold microcontrollers based on ARM7 (TMS470) and 8051 cores)
2.3.5. FREE SCALE 68HC11:
• The 68HC11 is an 8-bit microcontroller family introduced by Motorola.
• Now it is produced by Free scale Semiconductor, it descended from the Motorola 6800 microprocessor.
• It is a CISC microcontroller.
• The Free scale 68HC12 is an enhanced 16-bit version of the 68HC11.
• The Free scale 68HC16 microcontroller is intended as a 16-bit mostly software compatible upgrade of the 68HC11.
2.4. CRITERIA IN CHOOSING A MICROCONTROLLER:
• The first and foremost criterion for choosing a microcontroller is that it must meet task at hands efficiently and cost effectively. In analyzing the needs of a microcontroller based project we must first see whether it is an 8-bit, 16-bit or 32-bit microcontroller and how best it can handle the computing needs of the task most effectively. The other considerations in this category are:
Speed: The highest speed that the microcontroller supports.
Packaging: Is it 40-pin DIP or QPF or some other packaging format? This is important in terms of space, assembling and prototyping the End product.
Power Consumption: This is especially critical for battery-powered Products.
The amount of RAM and ROM on chip.
The number of I/O pins and timers on the chip.
Cost per unit: This is important in terms of final product in which a microcontroller is used.
• The second criteria in choosing a microcontroller are how easy it is to develop products around it. Key considerations include the availability of an assembler, debugger, a code efficient ‘C’ language compiler, emulator, technical support and both in house and outside expertise. In many cases third party vendor support for chip is required.
• The third criteria in choosing a microcontroller is it readily available in needed quantities both now and in future. For some designers this is even more important than first two criteria’s.
