20-04-2011, 10:32 AM
PRESENTED BY:
G RENUKA
[attachment=12443]
ABSTRACT
NFC is one of the latest wireless communication technologies. As a short-range wireless connectivity technology, NFC offers safe and yet simple and intuitive and communication between electronic devices. Users of NFC-enabled devices can simply point or touch their devices to other NFC-enabled elements in the environment to communicate with them, making application and data usage easy and convenient. With NFC technology, communication occurs when an NFC- compatible device is brought within a few centimetres of another NFC device or an NFC tag. The big advantage of the short transmission range is that it inhibits eavesdropping on NFC-enabled transactions. NFC technology opens up exciting new usage scenarios for mobile devices
1 Introduction
Near Field Communication (NFC) is a technology for contactless short range communication. Based on the Radio Frequency Identification (RFID), it uses magnetic field induction to enable communication between electronic devices. The number of short-range applications for NFC technology is growing continuously, appearing in all areas of life. Especially the use in conjunction with mobile phones offers great opportunities.
USES AND APPLICATIONS:
NFC technology is currently aimed mainly at being used with mobile phones. There are currently three specific uses for NFC:
• Card emulation: the NFC device behaves like an existing contactless card
• Reader mode: the NFC device is active and reads a passive RFID tag, for example for interactive advertising
• P2P mode: two NFC devices are communicating together and exchanging information.
• payment & ticketing
NFC enables users to make fast and secure purchases, go shopping with electronic money, and also to buy, store and use electronic tickets, such as concert/event tickets, plane tickets, travel cards, etc.
•Smart poster
the mobile phone is used to read RFID tags on outdoor billboards.
•Bluetooth pairing
in the future pairing of Bluetooth devices with NFC support will be as easy as bringing them close together and accepting the pairing. The process of activating Bluetooth on both sides, searching, waiting, pairing and authorization will be replaced by a simply bringing the mobile phones close to each other.
• electronic keys
For example, these can be car keys, house/office keys, etc.
• identification
In addition, NFC makes it possible to use mobile phones instead of identity documents. In Japan, for example, student IDs can be stored on cell phones, which allows the students to electronically register for classes, to open locked campus doors, buy food at the school cafeteria, borrow books, and even get discounts at local movie theaters, restaurants, and shops.
• receive and share information
The data stored on any tagged object (e.g. a DVD box or a poster) can beaccessed by mobile phones in order to download movie trailers, street-maps, travel timetables etc
• Set-up service
To avoid the complicated configuration process, NFC can be used for the Set-up of other longer-range wireless technologies, such as Bluetooth or Wireless LAN.
Up to now the convenience of NFC is mostly used in Asia, for instance in Japan or South Korea, where paying with a mobile phone or a NFC-smartcard already belongs to everyday life. In September 2006, ABI research predicted that by 2011, about 30% of the mobile phones in the world (about 450 million phones) would be NFC-enabled.
In this paper we will discuss the characteristics of NFC. We start with the underlying Standards and Compatibility in Chapter 2, before we will consider the basic technology capabilities in Chapter 3. Chapter 4 deals with the correlation between NFC and RFID and confronts NFC with Bluetooth and infrared. Chapter 5 observes the Near Field Communication from the security point of view, considering different types of attack. In Chapter 6 the major results of this work are summarized.
2 Standards and Compatibility
Near Field Communication is an open platform technology, developed by Philips and Sony. NFC, described by NFCIP-1 (Near Field Communication Interface and Protocol 1), is standardized in ISO 18092 [1], ECMA 340[2] as well as in ETSI TS 102 190[3]. These standards specify the basic capabilities, such as the transfer speeds, the bit encoding schemes, modulation, the frame architecture, and the transport protocol. Furthermore, the active and passive NFC modes are described and the conditions that are required to prevent collisions during initialization.
Todays NFC devices do not only implement NFCIP-1, but also NFCIP-2, which is defined in ISO 21481 [4], ECMA 352 [5] and ETSI TS 102 312[6]. NFCIP-2 allows for selecting one of three operating modes:
• NFC data transfer (NFCIP-1),
• proximity coupling device (PCD), defined in ISO 14443 [7], and
• vicinity coupling device (VCD), defined in ISO 15693 [8].
NFC devices have to provide these three functions in order to be compatible with the main international standards for smartcard interoperability, ISO 14443 (proximity cards, e.g. Philip’s Mifare), ISO 15693 (vicinity cards) and to Sonys FeliCa contactless smart card system. Hence, as a combination of smartcard and contactless interconnection technologies, NFC is compatible with today’s field proven RFID-technology. That means, it is providing compatibility with the millions of contactless smartcards and scanners that already exist worldwide.
3 Technology Overview
NFC operates in the standard, globally available 13.56MHz frequency band. Possible supported data transfer rates are 106, 212 and 424 kbps and there is potential for higher data rates. The technology has been designed for communications up to a distance of 20 cm, but typically it is used within less than 10 cm. This short range is not a disadvantage, since it aggravates eavesdropping.
ESSENTIAL SPECIFICATIONS:
• Like ISO/IEC 14443, NFC communicates via magnetic field induction, where two loop antennas are located within each other’s near field, effectively forming an air-core transformer. It operates within the globally available and unlicensed radio frequency ISM band of 13.56 MHz. Most of the RF energy is concentrated in the allowed 14 kHz bandwidth range, but the full spectral envelope may be as wide as 1.8 MHz when using the ASK modulation.
• Working distance with compact standard antennas: up to 20 cm
• Supported data rates: 106, 212, 424 or 848 kbit/s
G RENUKA
[attachment=12443]
ABSTRACT
NFC is one of the latest wireless communication technologies. As a short-range wireless connectivity technology, NFC offers safe and yet simple and intuitive and communication between electronic devices. Users of NFC-enabled devices can simply point or touch their devices to other NFC-enabled elements in the environment to communicate with them, making application and data usage easy and convenient. With NFC technology, communication occurs when an NFC- compatible device is brought within a few centimetres of another NFC device or an NFC tag. The big advantage of the short transmission range is that it inhibits eavesdropping on NFC-enabled transactions. NFC technology opens up exciting new usage scenarios for mobile devices
1 Introduction
Near Field Communication (NFC) is a technology for contactless short range communication. Based on the Radio Frequency Identification (RFID), it uses magnetic field induction to enable communication between electronic devices. The number of short-range applications for NFC technology is growing continuously, appearing in all areas of life. Especially the use in conjunction with mobile phones offers great opportunities.
USES AND APPLICATIONS:
NFC technology is currently aimed mainly at being used with mobile phones. There are currently three specific uses for NFC:
• Card emulation: the NFC device behaves like an existing contactless card
• Reader mode: the NFC device is active and reads a passive RFID tag, for example for interactive advertising
• P2P mode: two NFC devices are communicating together and exchanging information.
• payment & ticketing
NFC enables users to make fast and secure purchases, go shopping with electronic money, and also to buy, store and use electronic tickets, such as concert/event tickets, plane tickets, travel cards, etc.
•Smart poster
the mobile phone is used to read RFID tags on outdoor billboards.
•Bluetooth pairing
in the future pairing of Bluetooth devices with NFC support will be as easy as bringing them close together and accepting the pairing. The process of activating Bluetooth on both sides, searching, waiting, pairing and authorization will be replaced by a simply bringing the mobile phones close to each other.
• electronic keys
For example, these can be car keys, house/office keys, etc.
• identification
In addition, NFC makes it possible to use mobile phones instead of identity documents. In Japan, for example, student IDs can be stored on cell phones, which allows the students to electronically register for classes, to open locked campus doors, buy food at the school cafeteria, borrow books, and even get discounts at local movie theaters, restaurants, and shops.
• receive and share information
The data stored on any tagged object (e.g. a DVD box or a poster) can beaccessed by mobile phones in order to download movie trailers, street-maps, travel timetables etc
• Set-up service
To avoid the complicated configuration process, NFC can be used for the Set-up of other longer-range wireless technologies, such as Bluetooth or Wireless LAN.
Up to now the convenience of NFC is mostly used in Asia, for instance in Japan or South Korea, where paying with a mobile phone or a NFC-smartcard already belongs to everyday life. In September 2006, ABI research predicted that by 2011, about 30% of the mobile phones in the world (about 450 million phones) would be NFC-enabled.
In this paper we will discuss the characteristics of NFC. We start with the underlying Standards and Compatibility in Chapter 2, before we will consider the basic technology capabilities in Chapter 3. Chapter 4 deals with the correlation between NFC and RFID and confronts NFC with Bluetooth and infrared. Chapter 5 observes the Near Field Communication from the security point of view, considering different types of attack. In Chapter 6 the major results of this work are summarized.
2 Standards and Compatibility
Near Field Communication is an open platform technology, developed by Philips and Sony. NFC, described by NFCIP-1 (Near Field Communication Interface and Protocol 1), is standardized in ISO 18092 [1], ECMA 340[2] as well as in ETSI TS 102 190[3]. These standards specify the basic capabilities, such as the transfer speeds, the bit encoding schemes, modulation, the frame architecture, and the transport protocol. Furthermore, the active and passive NFC modes are described and the conditions that are required to prevent collisions during initialization.
Todays NFC devices do not only implement NFCIP-1, but also NFCIP-2, which is defined in ISO 21481 [4], ECMA 352 [5] and ETSI TS 102 312[6]. NFCIP-2 allows for selecting one of three operating modes:
• NFC data transfer (NFCIP-1),
• proximity coupling device (PCD), defined in ISO 14443 [7], and
• vicinity coupling device (VCD), defined in ISO 15693 [8].
NFC devices have to provide these three functions in order to be compatible with the main international standards for smartcard interoperability, ISO 14443 (proximity cards, e.g. Philip’s Mifare), ISO 15693 (vicinity cards) and to Sonys FeliCa contactless smart card system. Hence, as a combination of smartcard and contactless interconnection technologies, NFC is compatible with today’s field proven RFID-technology. That means, it is providing compatibility with the millions of contactless smartcards and scanners that already exist worldwide.
3 Technology Overview
NFC operates in the standard, globally available 13.56MHz frequency band. Possible supported data transfer rates are 106, 212 and 424 kbps and there is potential for higher data rates. The technology has been designed for communications up to a distance of 20 cm, but typically it is used within less than 10 cm. This short range is not a disadvantage, since it aggravates eavesdropping.
ESSENTIAL SPECIFICATIONS:
• Like ISO/IEC 14443, NFC communicates via magnetic field induction, where two loop antennas are located within each other’s near field, effectively forming an air-core transformer. It operates within the globally available and unlicensed radio frequency ISM band of 13.56 MHz. Most of the RF energy is concentrated in the allowed 14 kHz bandwidth range, but the full spectral envelope may be as wide as 1.8 MHz when using the ASK modulation.
• Working distance with compact standard antennas: up to 20 cm
• Supported data rates: 106, 212, 424 or 848 kbit/s
