20-04-2011, 09:50 AM
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CHAPTER: 1
INTRODUCTION
Electronics without silicon is unbelievable, but it will come true with the evolution of Diamond or Carbon chip. Now a day we are using silicon for the manufacturing of Electronic Chip's. It has many disadvantages when it is used in power electronic applications, such as bulk in size, slow operating speed etc. Carbon, Silicon and Germanium are belonging to the same group in the periodic table. They have four valance electrons in their outer shell. Pure Silicon and Germanium are semiconductors in normal temperature. So in the earlier days they are used widely for the manufacturing of electronic components. But later it is found that Germanium has many disadvantages compared to silicon, such as large reverse current, less stability towards temperature etc so in the industry focused in developing electronic components using silicon wafers.
Now research people found that Carbon is more advantages than Silicon. By using carbon as the manufacturing material, we can achieve smaller, faster and stronger chips. They are succeeded in making smaller prototypes of Carbon chip. They invented a major component using carbon that is CARBON NANOTUBE, which is widely used in most modern microprocessors and it will be a major component in the coming era. Crystalline diamond film that could produce more resilient semiconductor chips than those made from silicon. Until now, synthetic diamonds have proved a poor semiconducting material. Their microscopic crystals are a disorderly hodgepodge, and their edges are not evenly aligned, impeding the flow of current. Now, Schreck and his colleagues have discovered that by growing the diamond film on a surface of iridium, instead of on silicon, they can keep its grain boundaries aligned. Adding atoms of boron or nitrogen enables the diamond film to conduct electricity. Manufacturers plan to build a diamond chip that can withstand temperatures of 500 C, compared to only about 150 C for silicon chips. The chips would be most useful in devices located near hot-burning engines, such as those used in automobiles or airplanes.
1.1 DEFINATION
In single definition, Diamond Chip or carbon Chip is an electronic chip manufactured on a Diamond structural Carbon wafer. OR it can be also defined as the electronic component manufactured using carbon as the wafer. The major component using carbon is (CNT) Carbon Nanotube. Carbon Nanotube is a nano dimensional made by using carbon. It has many unique properties.
1.2 HOW IT WAS ALL STARTED?
Silicon chips have reached the limit of their capacity to act as a semi-conductor of electricity and diamond is the solution to that problem. A modern computer system in the office will generate heat at [100] degrees Celsius, enough to heat a small office on a cold day. This has prompted scientist to discover a replacement material that can handle more electricity with greater conductivity without overheating. This quest set off a world-wide race to take control of the computer and synthetic diamond industry.
The initial players in this quest are De Beers who controls the most productive and valuable diamond mines on earth located in Botswana S. Africa. And Apollo Diamond who produce synthetic laboratory created diamonds in United States.
Apollo is owned by a first rate scientist whose dream was to create a better computer power chip..He knew that the ultimate conductor is the diamond itself. Diamond can conduct more electricity without over heating than any material on earth. Synthetic laboratory created diamonds held the key. A new technology was created called "Chemical Vapor Deposition." This Apollo advanced [CVD] application grew diamond crystals of highest purity without metallic inclusions.
De Beers also purchased his own "World Class" laboratory to create synthetic diamonds for computer chips. His facility was named "Element Six." He currently owns the largest single stock pile of high end diamonds on earth. His next goal is to create the first "Diamond Computer Chip" and control the world market and computer industry. If ever a man exist who could do this it would be DeBeers.
Intel, the largest silicon chip producer in the United States is apparently indifferent to it all. It takes about ten years to evaluate a new material, INTEL have a lot invested in silicon and they are not about to abandon that. Apollo continued his research after being granted a patent. His next scientific break-through was in collaboration with French and Israel scientist. They together discovered how to produce a [CVD] synthetic lab created diamond with a positive and negative charge. The process was called "Boron-Doped N Type." Apollo injected boron mineral with a [P-N] positive and negative charge, into the diamond crystal lattice. Resulting in the first diamond on earth with the capacity to hold a charge and conduct electricity without overheating.
1.3 HOW IS IT POSSIBLE?
Pure Diamond structural carbon is non-conducting in nature. In order to make it conducting we have to perform doping process. We are using Boron as the p-type doping Agent and the Nitrogen as the n-type doping agent. The doping process is similar to that in the case of Silicon chip manufacturing. But this process will take more time compared with that of silicon because it is very difficult to diffuse through strongly bonded diamond structure. CNT (Carbon Nanotube) is already a semi conductor.
A crystalline diamond film that could produce more resilient semiconductor chips than those made from silicon, commonly synthetic diamonds have proved a poor semi conducting material. Their microscopic crystals are a disorderly hodgepodge, and their edges are not evenly aligned, impeding the flow of current. Now but by growing the diamond film on a surface of iridium, instead of on silicon, they can keep its grain boundaries aligned. Adding atoms of boron or nitrogen enables the diamond film to conduct electricity. Manufacturers plan to build a diamond chip that can withstand temperatures of 500 C, compared to only about 150 C for silicon chips. The chips would be most useful in devices located near hot-burning engines, such as those used in automobiles or airplanes.
Diamond can also resist voltages up to around 200 volts, compared to around 20 volts for a silicon chip. This means power electronics, such as an inverter, can become much smaller in size. At present, a large number of silicon chips are used together to handle high voltages which makes devices large.
However, diamond chips are not expected to completely replace silicon chips for another 20 years because of two major bottlenecks. Artificial diamond for chips is still much more expensive than silicon. A four-millimeter-square diamond substrate costs several tens of thousands of yen compared to virtually nothing for silicon, another problem is that electricity cannot travel smoothly through diamond. Thus, researches are seeking impurities that can be added to aid electricity flow.
CHAPTER: 1
INTRODUCTION
Electronics without silicon is unbelievable, but it will come true with the evolution of Diamond or Carbon chip. Now a day we are using silicon for the manufacturing of Electronic Chip's. It has many disadvantages when it is used in power electronic applications, such as bulk in size, slow operating speed etc. Carbon, Silicon and Germanium are belonging to the same group in the periodic table. They have four valance electrons in their outer shell. Pure Silicon and Germanium are semiconductors in normal temperature. So in the earlier days they are used widely for the manufacturing of electronic components. But later it is found that Germanium has many disadvantages compared to silicon, such as large reverse current, less stability towards temperature etc so in the industry focused in developing electronic components using silicon wafers.
Now research people found that Carbon is more advantages than Silicon. By using carbon as the manufacturing material, we can achieve smaller, faster and stronger chips. They are succeeded in making smaller prototypes of Carbon chip. They invented a major component using carbon that is CARBON NANOTUBE, which is widely used in most modern microprocessors and it will be a major component in the coming era. Crystalline diamond film that could produce more resilient semiconductor chips than those made from silicon. Until now, synthetic diamonds have proved a poor semiconducting material. Their microscopic crystals are a disorderly hodgepodge, and their edges are not evenly aligned, impeding the flow of current. Now, Schreck and his colleagues have discovered that by growing the diamond film on a surface of iridium, instead of on silicon, they can keep its grain boundaries aligned. Adding atoms of boron or nitrogen enables the diamond film to conduct electricity. Manufacturers plan to build a diamond chip that can withstand temperatures of 500 C, compared to only about 150 C for silicon chips. The chips would be most useful in devices located near hot-burning engines, such as those used in automobiles or airplanes.
1.1 DEFINATION
In single definition, Diamond Chip or carbon Chip is an electronic chip manufactured on a Diamond structural Carbon wafer. OR it can be also defined as the electronic component manufactured using carbon as the wafer. The major component using carbon is (CNT) Carbon Nanotube. Carbon Nanotube is a nano dimensional made by using carbon. It has many unique properties.
1.2 HOW IT WAS ALL STARTED?
Silicon chips have reached the limit of their capacity to act as a semi-conductor of electricity and diamond is the solution to that problem. A modern computer system in the office will generate heat at [100] degrees Celsius, enough to heat a small office on a cold day. This has prompted scientist to discover a replacement material that can handle more electricity with greater conductivity without overheating. This quest set off a world-wide race to take control of the computer and synthetic diamond industry.
The initial players in this quest are De Beers who controls the most productive and valuable diamond mines on earth located in Botswana S. Africa. And Apollo Diamond who produce synthetic laboratory created diamonds in United States.
Apollo is owned by a first rate scientist whose dream was to create a better computer power chip..He knew that the ultimate conductor is the diamond itself. Diamond can conduct more electricity without over heating than any material on earth. Synthetic laboratory created diamonds held the key. A new technology was created called "Chemical Vapor Deposition." This Apollo advanced [CVD] application grew diamond crystals of highest purity without metallic inclusions.
De Beers also purchased his own "World Class" laboratory to create synthetic diamonds for computer chips. His facility was named "Element Six." He currently owns the largest single stock pile of high end diamonds on earth. His next goal is to create the first "Diamond Computer Chip" and control the world market and computer industry. If ever a man exist who could do this it would be DeBeers.
Intel, the largest silicon chip producer in the United States is apparently indifferent to it all. It takes about ten years to evaluate a new material, INTEL have a lot invested in silicon and they are not about to abandon that. Apollo continued his research after being granted a patent. His next scientific break-through was in collaboration with French and Israel scientist. They together discovered how to produce a [CVD] synthetic lab created diamond with a positive and negative charge. The process was called "Boron-Doped N Type." Apollo injected boron mineral with a [P-N] positive and negative charge, into the diamond crystal lattice. Resulting in the first diamond on earth with the capacity to hold a charge and conduct electricity without overheating.
1.3 HOW IS IT POSSIBLE?
Pure Diamond structural carbon is non-conducting in nature. In order to make it conducting we have to perform doping process. We are using Boron as the p-type doping Agent and the Nitrogen as the n-type doping agent. The doping process is similar to that in the case of Silicon chip manufacturing. But this process will take more time compared with that of silicon because it is very difficult to diffuse through strongly bonded diamond structure. CNT (Carbon Nanotube) is already a semi conductor.
A crystalline diamond film that could produce more resilient semiconductor chips than those made from silicon, commonly synthetic diamonds have proved a poor semi conducting material. Their microscopic crystals are a disorderly hodgepodge, and their edges are not evenly aligned, impeding the flow of current. Now but by growing the diamond film on a surface of iridium, instead of on silicon, they can keep its grain boundaries aligned. Adding atoms of boron or nitrogen enables the diamond film to conduct electricity. Manufacturers plan to build a diamond chip that can withstand temperatures of 500 C, compared to only about 150 C for silicon chips. The chips would be most useful in devices located near hot-burning engines, such as those used in automobiles or airplanes.
Diamond can also resist voltages up to around 200 volts, compared to around 20 volts for a silicon chip. This means power electronics, such as an inverter, can become much smaller in size. At present, a large number of silicon chips are used together to handle high voltages which makes devices large.
However, diamond chips are not expected to completely replace silicon chips for another 20 years because of two major bottlenecks. Artificial diamond for chips is still much more expensive than silicon. A four-millimeter-square diamond substrate costs several tens of thousands of yen compared to virtually nothing for silicon, another problem is that electricity cannot travel smoothly through diamond. Thus, researches are seeking impurities that can be added to aid electricity flow.
