11-04-2011, 03:33 PM
presented by:
MADAN T
[attachment=12025]
ABSTRACT
Technology has created manypathways for the mankind. Nowtechnology has been improved to thatextent in the entire human body can becontrolled using a single electronicchip. Previously prosthetics helped toovercome handicaps. Bio medicalengineers play a vital role in shapingthe course of this prosthetics. Nowtechnology is developed to introduce bionics for artificial vision.
The implant is based on a small chip that is surgically implanted behind the retina, at the back of the eye ball. An ultra-thin wire strengthens the damaged optic nerve; its purpose is to transmitlight and images to the brain’s vision system,where it is normally processed. Other than theimplanted chip and wire, most of the device sitsoutside the eye. The users would need to wearspecial eye glasses battery-powered camera and atransmitter, which would send images to the chipimplanted behind the retina. The new device isexpected to be quite durable, since the chip isenclosed in a Titanium casing, making it bothwater-proof and corrosion-proof. The researchesestimate that the device will last for at least10years inside the eye.
INTRODUCTION
There is no replacement for humansight. It is simply incomparablebecause of its capacity to see. Our lifeis full of pictures we daily see. Lifewithout sight is dark. The purpose of the report is to provide an accurate and detailed description of the Bionic eye(Optoelectronic Retinal Prosthesis System) and its function. The new technology uses an external camera worn on a pair of dark glasses that sends images to a radio receiver implanted near the eye that transmits the signal on to a tiny silicon and platinum chip that sits on the retina. This information then goes down the optic nerve into the brain.
THE HUMAN EYE
We are able to see because light from an object can move through space and reach our eyes. Once light reaches our eyes, signals are sent to our brain, and our brain deciphers the information in order to detect the appearance, location and movement of the objects we are sighting at. The whole process, as complex as it is, would notbe possible if it were not for the presence of light.Without light, there would be no sight.The human eye is the organ which gives us the sense of sight, allowing us to learn more about the surrounding world than any of the other five senses. The eyeball is set in a protective cone-shaped cavity in the skull called the orbit or socket and measures approximately one inch in diameter. The orbit is surrounded by layers of soft, fatty tissue which protect the eye and enable it to turn easily. The important part of an eye that is responsible for vision is retina.
Rods and Cones are the two light sensing cells present in the retina responsible for capturing light and resulting in vision. Rod cells pick up movement out of the corner of the eye and also, in a normal eye it is the rods that operate in poor light or at night. There are about 120 million rods in each eye and they are more numerous towards the outer edge of the retina The cone cells are used in colour vision and in close precision work like reading. There are not as manycones and they are more concentrated in the centre of the retina (the Macula).
For vision to occur, 2 conditions need to be met:
1. An image must be formed on the retina to stimulate its receptors (rods and cones).
2. Resulting nerve impulses must be conducted to the visual areas of the cerebral cortex for interpretation.
Disease of eye
• Retinitis pigmentosa
• Macular degeneration
Retinitis pigmentosa
Retinitis Pigmentosa (RP) is the name given to agroup of hereditary diseases of the retina of the eye.RP may be caused by a breakdown in the functionof the rods or the cones in some part of the retina.The retina is so complex that breakdowns mayoccur in a variety of ways and so RP is not a singledisorder but a great number of disorders. Thebreakdown of cone function may be called MacularDegeneration.
Macular Degeneration
Macular is a sensitive area in the centre of the retinawhich provides us with sight in the centre of ourfield of vision. It allows us to see the fine detailswhen we look directly at something. In maculardegeneration, a layer beneath the retina, called theretinal pigment epithelium (RPE), gradually wearsout from its lifelong duties of disposing of retinalwaste products.A large proportion of macular degeneration casesare age- related.
Age related Macular Degeneration (AMD) usually affects people over the age of 50 and there are two distinct types - "wet" AMD and "dry" AMD. "Wet" AMD results from the growth of new blood vessels in the choroid, causing an accumulation of fluid in the macula which leads to retinal damage. This type of degeneration can often be successfully arrested by laser surgery.
"Dry" AMD represents at least 80% of all AMD cases and results in atrophy of the Retina. Usually yellowish-white round spots called drusen first appear in a scattered pattern deep in the macula Later degeneration of both the Pigment Epithelium and the cones begins. While AMD is not inherited in a predictable way, heredity may be involved to some extent.
HOW IS VISION IMPAIRED?
Damage or degeneration of theoptic nerve, the brain, or any part ofthe visual pathway between them, canimpair vision. For example, thepressure associated with glaucoma canalso damage the optic nerve. Diabetes,already cited as a cause of retinadamage, can also cause degenerationof the optic nerve.Damage to the visual pathway does notalways result in total loss of sight.
Depending on where damage occurs,only a part of the visual field may beaffected. A stroke can cause visionimpairment when the resulting tissuedamage occurs in one of the regions ofthe brain that process visualinformation.
A more common treatment for curing blindness has been corneal transplantation
BIONIC EYE
Bionic eye is a type of neural prosthesis intended to partially restore lost vision or amplify the existing image.An artificial eye provokes visual sensations in the brain by directly stimulating different parts of the optic nerve. There are also other experimental implants that can
stimulate the ganglia cells on the retina or the visual cortex of the brain itself.
MADAN T
[attachment=12025]
ABSTRACT
Technology has created manypathways for the mankind. Nowtechnology has been improved to thatextent in the entire human body can becontrolled using a single electronicchip. Previously prosthetics helped toovercome handicaps. Bio medicalengineers play a vital role in shapingthe course of this prosthetics. Nowtechnology is developed to introduce bionics for artificial vision.
The implant is based on a small chip that is surgically implanted behind the retina, at the back of the eye ball. An ultra-thin wire strengthens the damaged optic nerve; its purpose is to transmitlight and images to the brain’s vision system,where it is normally processed. Other than theimplanted chip and wire, most of the device sitsoutside the eye. The users would need to wearspecial eye glasses battery-powered camera and atransmitter, which would send images to the chipimplanted behind the retina. The new device isexpected to be quite durable, since the chip isenclosed in a Titanium casing, making it bothwater-proof and corrosion-proof. The researchesestimate that the device will last for at least10years inside the eye.
INTRODUCTION
There is no replacement for humansight. It is simply incomparablebecause of its capacity to see. Our lifeis full of pictures we daily see. Lifewithout sight is dark. The purpose of the report is to provide an accurate and detailed description of the Bionic eye(Optoelectronic Retinal Prosthesis System) and its function. The new technology uses an external camera worn on a pair of dark glasses that sends images to a radio receiver implanted near the eye that transmits the signal on to a tiny silicon and platinum chip that sits on the retina. This information then goes down the optic nerve into the brain.
THE HUMAN EYE
We are able to see because light from an object can move through space and reach our eyes. Once light reaches our eyes, signals are sent to our brain, and our brain deciphers the information in order to detect the appearance, location and movement of the objects we are sighting at. The whole process, as complex as it is, would notbe possible if it were not for the presence of light.Without light, there would be no sight.The human eye is the organ which gives us the sense of sight, allowing us to learn more about the surrounding world than any of the other five senses. The eyeball is set in a protective cone-shaped cavity in the skull called the orbit or socket and measures approximately one inch in diameter. The orbit is surrounded by layers of soft, fatty tissue which protect the eye and enable it to turn easily. The important part of an eye that is responsible for vision is retina.
Rods and Cones are the two light sensing cells present in the retina responsible for capturing light and resulting in vision. Rod cells pick up movement out of the corner of the eye and also, in a normal eye it is the rods that operate in poor light or at night. There are about 120 million rods in each eye and they are more numerous towards the outer edge of the retina The cone cells are used in colour vision and in close precision work like reading. There are not as manycones and they are more concentrated in the centre of the retina (the Macula).
For vision to occur, 2 conditions need to be met:
1. An image must be formed on the retina to stimulate its receptors (rods and cones).
2. Resulting nerve impulses must be conducted to the visual areas of the cerebral cortex for interpretation.
Disease of eye
• Retinitis pigmentosa
• Macular degeneration
Retinitis pigmentosa
Retinitis Pigmentosa (RP) is the name given to agroup of hereditary diseases of the retina of the eye.RP may be caused by a breakdown in the functionof the rods or the cones in some part of the retina.The retina is so complex that breakdowns mayoccur in a variety of ways and so RP is not a singledisorder but a great number of disorders. Thebreakdown of cone function may be called MacularDegeneration.
Macular Degeneration
Macular is a sensitive area in the centre of the retinawhich provides us with sight in the centre of ourfield of vision. It allows us to see the fine detailswhen we look directly at something. In maculardegeneration, a layer beneath the retina, called theretinal pigment epithelium (RPE), gradually wearsout from its lifelong duties of disposing of retinalwaste products.A large proportion of macular degeneration casesare age- related.
Age related Macular Degeneration (AMD) usually affects people over the age of 50 and there are two distinct types - "wet" AMD and "dry" AMD. "Wet" AMD results from the growth of new blood vessels in the choroid, causing an accumulation of fluid in the macula which leads to retinal damage. This type of degeneration can often be successfully arrested by laser surgery.
"Dry" AMD represents at least 80% of all AMD cases and results in atrophy of the Retina. Usually yellowish-white round spots called drusen first appear in a scattered pattern deep in the macula Later degeneration of both the Pigment Epithelium and the cones begins. While AMD is not inherited in a predictable way, heredity may be involved to some extent.
HOW IS VISION IMPAIRED?
Damage or degeneration of theoptic nerve, the brain, or any part ofthe visual pathway between them, canimpair vision. For example, thepressure associated with glaucoma canalso damage the optic nerve. Diabetes,already cited as a cause of retinadamage, can also cause degenerationof the optic nerve.Damage to the visual pathway does notalways result in total loss of sight.
Depending on where damage occurs,only a part of the visual field may beaffected. A stroke can cause visionimpairment when the resulting tissuedamage occurs in one of the regions ofthe brain that process visualinformation.
A more common treatment for curing blindness has been corneal transplantation
BIONIC EYE
Bionic eye is a type of neural prosthesis intended to partially restore lost vision or amplify the existing image.An artificial eye provokes visual sensations in the brain by directly stimulating different parts of the optic nerve. There are also other experimental implants that can
stimulate the ganglia cells on the retina or the visual cortex of the brain itself.
