01-04-2011, 09:24 AM
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INTRODUCTION
WHAT IS A.I. ?
A.I. is a branch of computer science that studies the computational requirements for tasks such as perception, reasoning and learning and develop systems to perform those tasks
The field of Artificial intelligence strives to understand and build intelligent entities
TURING TEST
Proposed by Alan Turing(1950), a British Computer Scientist.
Intelligence is defined as the ability to achieve human level performance in all cognitive tests, sufficient to fool a human interrogator.
The test was devised in response to the question,” Can a computer think ?”.
Result was +ve if interrogator can not tell if responses are coming from the M/C or Human.
One person sits at a computer and types the questions.
The computer is connected to two other hidden computers
At one computer, Human reads and responds to questions.
At the other end, computer with no Human aid runs the program to provide responses.
DEFINITIONS
AI is a branch of computer science dealing with symbolic, nonalgorithmic methods of problem solving
AI is a branch of computer science that deals with ways of knowledge using symbols rather than numbers and with Heuristics, method for processing information
AI works with pattern matching methods which attempt to describe objects , events or processes in terms of their qualitative features and logical and computational Relationship
What is Intelligence ?
To respond to situations very flexibly.
To make sense out of ambiguous or contradictory messages.
To recognize the relative importance of different elements of
situations
To find similarities between situations despite difference
To draw distinctions between situations despite similarities which may page link them.
HISTORY
1943 – McCulloh and Pitts, Boolean circuit model of brain.
1950 – Turing’s computing machine and intelligence.
1950’s – Early AI programs including Samuel’s checker program, Newell and Simon’s logic theorist, Gelisnters geometry engine
1956 – Dartmouth conference.
1952-69 – “Look, Ma, no hands!” era.
1958 – McCarthy moves to MIT, LISP was born.
1965 – Robinson’s complete algorithm for logical reasoning.
1966-74 – AI discovers computational complex.
Neural network research almost disappears.
1969-79 - Early development in knowledge based systems
1980-88 : Expert system industry booms.
1988-93 : Expert system industry busts.
1985-88 : Neural networks return to popularity.
1995 : Agents… Agents… Agents.
(present)
BRANCHES
Logical AI
What a program knows about the world in general the facts of the specific situation in which it must act and it’s goal are all represented by sentences of some mathematical logical language.
Pattern Recognition
When a program makes observation of some kind, it is often programmed to compare what it sees with already stored patterns.
INTRODUCTION
WHAT IS A.I. ?
A.I. is a branch of computer science that studies the computational requirements for tasks such as perception, reasoning and learning and develop systems to perform those tasks
The field of Artificial intelligence strives to understand and build intelligent entities
TURING TEST
Proposed by Alan Turing(1950), a British Computer Scientist.
Intelligence is defined as the ability to achieve human level performance in all cognitive tests, sufficient to fool a human interrogator.
The test was devised in response to the question,” Can a computer think ?”.
Result was +ve if interrogator can not tell if responses are coming from the M/C or Human.
One person sits at a computer and types the questions.
The computer is connected to two other hidden computers
At one computer, Human reads and responds to questions.
At the other end, computer with no Human aid runs the program to provide responses.
DEFINITIONS
AI is a branch of computer science dealing with symbolic, nonalgorithmic methods of problem solving
AI is a branch of computer science that deals with ways of knowledge using symbols rather than numbers and with Heuristics, method for processing information
AI works with pattern matching methods which attempt to describe objects , events or processes in terms of their qualitative features and logical and computational Relationship
What is Intelligence ?
To respond to situations very flexibly.
To make sense out of ambiguous or contradictory messages.
To recognize the relative importance of different elements of
situations
To find similarities between situations despite difference
To draw distinctions between situations despite similarities which may page link them.
HISTORY
1943 – McCulloh and Pitts, Boolean circuit model of brain.
1950 – Turing’s computing machine and intelligence.
1950’s – Early AI programs including Samuel’s checker program, Newell and Simon’s logic theorist, Gelisnters geometry engine
1956 – Dartmouth conference.
1952-69 – “Look, Ma, no hands!” era.
1958 – McCarthy moves to MIT, LISP was born.
1965 – Robinson’s complete algorithm for logical reasoning.
1966-74 – AI discovers computational complex.
Neural network research almost disappears.
1969-79 - Early development in knowledge based systems
1980-88 : Expert system industry booms.
1988-93 : Expert system industry busts.
1985-88 : Neural networks return to popularity.
1995 : Agents… Agents… Agents.
(present)
BRANCHES
Logical AI
What a program knows about the world in general the facts of the specific situation in which it must act and it’s goal are all represented by sentences of some mathematical logical language.
Pattern Recognition
When a program makes observation of some kind, it is often programmed to compare what it sees with already stored patterns.
