31-03-2011, 12:05 PM
PRESENTED BY
M.R.KUMAR REDDY
[attachment=11402]
1. INTRODUCTION:
Nanotechnology is the engineering of functional systems at the molecular scale. This covers both current work and concepts that are more advanced. In its original sense, 'nanotechnology' refers to the projected ability to construct items from the bottom up, using techniques and tools being developed today to make complete, high performance products.
Nanotechnology is a catch-all phrase for materials and devices that operate at the nanoscale. In the metric system of measurement, “Nano” equals a billionth and therefore a nanometer is one-billionth of a meter. References to nano materials, nanoelectronics, nano devices and nanopowders simply mean the material or activity can be measured in nanometers. To appreciate the size, a human red blood cell is over 2,000 nanometers long, virtually outside the nanoscale range!
Nanotechnology is a field of applied science and technology covering a broad range of topics. The main unifying theme is the control of matter on a scale smaller than one micrometre, as well as the fabrication of devices on this same length scale. It is a highly multidisciplinary field, drawing from fields such as colloidal science, device physics, and supramolecular chemistry. Much speculation exists as to what new science and technology might result from these lines of research. Some view nanotechnology as a marketing term that describes pre-existing lines of research.
ITRI-NTRC research programs aim to enhance the competitive position of local industries by building on their existing strength and exploring new opportunities. Given the modest size of our economy and resources, we have to be selective in our effort. We seek to develop a platform of nanomaterials and diagnostic/processing technology, which in turn will support a number of industry-facing major applications including nanoelectronics, multi-scale packaging, advanced displays, nanophotonics, high-density data storage, energy applications, traditional industry applications, and biomedical applications. Ten identified major thrusts and their common threads are shown below in a diagrammatic way
2. History of Nanotechnology:
When K. Eric Drexler popularized the word 'nanotechnology' in the 1980's, he was talking about building machines on the scale of molecules, a few nanometers wide motors, robot arms, and even whole computers, far smaller than a cell. Drexler spent the next ten years describing and analyzing these incredible devices and responding to accusations of science fiction.
3. Conflicting Definitions :
Unfortunately, conflicting definitions of nanotechnology and blurry distinctions between significantly different fields have complicated the effort to understand the differences and develop sensible, effective policy.
The risks of today's nanoscale technologies cannot be treated the same as the risks of longer-term molecular manufacturing. It is a mistake to put them together in one basket for policy consideration—each is important to address, but they offer different problems and will require different solutions. Essentially, anything sufficiently small and interesting can be called nanotechnology.
3.1. Nanotechnology is fundamentally a materials science which has the following characteristics:
1. Research and development at molecular or atomic levels, with lengths ranging between about 1 to 100 nanometers.
2. Creation and use of systems, devices, and structures which have special functions or properties because of their small size.
3. Ability to control or manipulate matter on a molecular or atomic scale.
Nanotechnology also known as Nanotech impacts all high-tech fields and disciplines, and research activities in this leading edge science can be classified as follows:
1. Nanomaterials - physical substances with structural dimensions between 1 and 100 nm.
2. Nanotools - devices that manipulate matter at the atomic or nano scale.
3. Nanodevices - systems with nanostructured components that perform some assigned function other than manipulating nano or atomic scale matter.
Private industry, academia, and government laboratories are working together to advance research in nanotechnology because its potential applications are many and varied. Business Week recently featured an informative article, entitled How to Invest in Nanotech, and this site offers convenient access to information about diverse nanotechnology investment opportunities.
4. Four Generations:
Mihail Roco of the U.S. National Nanotechnology Initiative has described four generations of nanotechnology development. The current era, as Roco depicts it, is that of passive nanostructures, materials designed to perform one task. The second phase, which we are just entering, introduces active nanostructures for multitasking; for example, actuators, drug delivery devices, and sensors. The third generation is expected to begin emerging around 2010 and will feature nanosystems with thousands of interacting components. A few years after that, the first integrated nanosystems, functioning much like a mammalian cell with hierarchical systems within systems, are expected to be developed.
4.1. How are nanotechnologies used today?
Despite views that nanotechnology is a far-fetched idea with no near-term applications, nanoparticles, nanopowders and nanotubes already play a significant role in industry, environmental remediation, medicine, science and even in the household. The majority of nanotechnologies commercially used today are based on such nano-sized particles.
Rare earth nanoparticles and rare earth oxide nanopowders are finding application in uses as varied as enhanced fiber optic amplification (EDFA) to the removal of phosphate in the blood of patients with Hyperphosphatemia. Iron Nanoparticles, Iron Oxide Nanopowder, Cobalt Nanoparticles, and several other elemental nanoparticles and alloys form a group of “Magnetic Nanoparticles” with promising application in medical treatment of cancer, magnetic storage and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI).
Typical AFM setup. A micro fabricated cantilever with a sharp tip is deflected by features on a sample surface, much like in a phonograph but on a much smaller scale. A laser beam reflects off the backside of the cantilever into a set of photo detectors, allowing the deflection to be measured and assembled into an image of the surface.
Research into NanoMaterials spans a significant spectrum of areas. Advanced material companies are producing innovative products in areas such as coatings, industrial powders, chemicals, and carbon nanotubes. Today, real world application of NanoTechnology exists in commercial business. About two-dozen serious applications of NanoMaterials and process have been fielded ranging from non-scuff floor tile to high strength brackets for running boards on vehicles to high temperature protective materials for spacecraft. While NanoMaterials are a significant portion of today's focus, several other areas are equally as promising.
4.2. Trends & Impact of NanoTechnology
NanoTechnology has the potential to become a more significant revolutionary force for business than the industrial revolution or the information technology revolution.In fact, many believe that the combined impact of both the industrial and information revolution may approach the magnitude of change that could result from the commercialization of NanoTechnology.Currently, NanoTechnology is moving from the basic research stage of its evolution into the applied research stage of technology maturity.Today there are several NanoTechnology companies already being traded on the public marketplace. As this technology evolves and matures, you can expect to see many more companies enter this space.
Today's manufacturing methods are very crude at the molecular level. Casting, grinding, milling, and even lithography move atoms in mass.It is like trying to make things out of LEGO blocks with boxing gloves on your hands.Yes, you can push the LEGO blocks into great heaps and pile them up; but you cannot really snap them together the way you would like.
5. Benefits of Nanotechnology:
Nanotechnology can solve many of the world's current problems. Some of the benefits of nanotechnology are stated below:
Advanced nanotech can solve many human problems.
Technology is not a panacea. However, it can be extremely useful in solving many kinds of problems. Improved housing and plumbing will increase health. More efficient agriculture and industry save water, land, materials, and labor, and reduce pollution. Access to information, education, and communication provides many opportunities for self improvement, economic efficiency, and participatory government. Cheap, reliable power is vital for the use of other technologies and provides many conveniences. Today, technology relies on distributed manufacturing, which requires many specialized materials and machines and highly trained labor.
Many diverse problems are related to water
A few basic problems create vast amounts of suffering and tragedy. Much industry can be directly replaced by nanotechnology. Agriculture can be moved into greenhouses. Residential water can be treated and recycled. Water-related diseases kill thousands, perhaps tens of thousands, of children each day. This is entirely preventable with basic technology, cheap to manufacture—if the factories are cheap and portable.
Nano Lasers in Communication:
The complex interaction between light and nanometer structures, like wires, has possibilities as new technology for devices and sensors. NAS researchers are studying light emission from a semiconductor nanowire-typically 10-100 nanometers wide and a few micrometers long-which functions as a laser. Lasers made from arrays of these wires have many potential applications in communications and sensing for NASA.
M.R.KUMAR REDDY
[attachment=11402]
1. INTRODUCTION:
Nanotechnology is the engineering of functional systems at the molecular scale. This covers both current work and concepts that are more advanced. In its original sense, 'nanotechnology' refers to the projected ability to construct items from the bottom up, using techniques and tools being developed today to make complete, high performance products.
Nanotechnology is a catch-all phrase for materials and devices that operate at the nanoscale. In the metric system of measurement, “Nano” equals a billionth and therefore a nanometer is one-billionth of a meter. References to nano materials, nanoelectronics, nano devices and nanopowders simply mean the material or activity can be measured in nanometers. To appreciate the size, a human red blood cell is over 2,000 nanometers long, virtually outside the nanoscale range!
Nanotechnology is a field of applied science and technology covering a broad range of topics. The main unifying theme is the control of matter on a scale smaller than one micrometre, as well as the fabrication of devices on this same length scale. It is a highly multidisciplinary field, drawing from fields such as colloidal science, device physics, and supramolecular chemistry. Much speculation exists as to what new science and technology might result from these lines of research. Some view nanotechnology as a marketing term that describes pre-existing lines of research.
ITRI-NTRC research programs aim to enhance the competitive position of local industries by building on their existing strength and exploring new opportunities. Given the modest size of our economy and resources, we have to be selective in our effort. We seek to develop a platform of nanomaterials and diagnostic/processing technology, which in turn will support a number of industry-facing major applications including nanoelectronics, multi-scale packaging, advanced displays, nanophotonics, high-density data storage, energy applications, traditional industry applications, and biomedical applications. Ten identified major thrusts and their common threads are shown below in a diagrammatic way
2. History of Nanotechnology:
When K. Eric Drexler popularized the word 'nanotechnology' in the 1980's, he was talking about building machines on the scale of molecules, a few nanometers wide motors, robot arms, and even whole computers, far smaller than a cell. Drexler spent the next ten years describing and analyzing these incredible devices and responding to accusations of science fiction.
3. Conflicting Definitions :
Unfortunately, conflicting definitions of nanotechnology and blurry distinctions between significantly different fields have complicated the effort to understand the differences and develop sensible, effective policy.
The risks of today's nanoscale technologies cannot be treated the same as the risks of longer-term molecular manufacturing. It is a mistake to put them together in one basket for policy consideration—each is important to address, but they offer different problems and will require different solutions. Essentially, anything sufficiently small and interesting can be called nanotechnology.
3.1. Nanotechnology is fundamentally a materials science which has the following characteristics:
1. Research and development at molecular or atomic levels, with lengths ranging between about 1 to 100 nanometers.
2. Creation and use of systems, devices, and structures which have special functions or properties because of their small size.
3. Ability to control or manipulate matter on a molecular or atomic scale.
Nanotechnology also known as Nanotech impacts all high-tech fields and disciplines, and research activities in this leading edge science can be classified as follows:
1. Nanomaterials - physical substances with structural dimensions between 1 and 100 nm.
2. Nanotools - devices that manipulate matter at the atomic or nano scale.
3. Nanodevices - systems with nanostructured components that perform some assigned function other than manipulating nano or atomic scale matter.
Private industry, academia, and government laboratories are working together to advance research in nanotechnology because its potential applications are many and varied. Business Week recently featured an informative article, entitled How to Invest in Nanotech, and this site offers convenient access to information about diverse nanotechnology investment opportunities.
4. Four Generations:
Mihail Roco of the U.S. National Nanotechnology Initiative has described four generations of nanotechnology development. The current era, as Roco depicts it, is that of passive nanostructures, materials designed to perform one task. The second phase, which we are just entering, introduces active nanostructures for multitasking; for example, actuators, drug delivery devices, and sensors. The third generation is expected to begin emerging around 2010 and will feature nanosystems with thousands of interacting components. A few years after that, the first integrated nanosystems, functioning much like a mammalian cell with hierarchical systems within systems, are expected to be developed.
4.1. How are nanotechnologies used today?
Despite views that nanotechnology is a far-fetched idea with no near-term applications, nanoparticles, nanopowders and nanotubes already play a significant role in industry, environmental remediation, medicine, science and even in the household. The majority of nanotechnologies commercially used today are based on such nano-sized particles.
Rare earth nanoparticles and rare earth oxide nanopowders are finding application in uses as varied as enhanced fiber optic amplification (EDFA) to the removal of phosphate in the blood of patients with Hyperphosphatemia. Iron Nanoparticles, Iron Oxide Nanopowder, Cobalt Nanoparticles, and several other elemental nanoparticles and alloys form a group of “Magnetic Nanoparticles” with promising application in medical treatment of cancer, magnetic storage and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI).
Typical AFM setup. A micro fabricated cantilever with a sharp tip is deflected by features on a sample surface, much like in a phonograph but on a much smaller scale. A laser beam reflects off the backside of the cantilever into a set of photo detectors, allowing the deflection to be measured and assembled into an image of the surface.
Research into NanoMaterials spans a significant spectrum of areas. Advanced material companies are producing innovative products in areas such as coatings, industrial powders, chemicals, and carbon nanotubes. Today, real world application of NanoTechnology exists in commercial business. About two-dozen serious applications of NanoMaterials and process have been fielded ranging from non-scuff floor tile to high strength brackets for running boards on vehicles to high temperature protective materials for spacecraft. While NanoMaterials are a significant portion of today's focus, several other areas are equally as promising.
4.2. Trends & Impact of NanoTechnology
NanoTechnology has the potential to become a more significant revolutionary force for business than the industrial revolution or the information technology revolution.In fact, many believe that the combined impact of both the industrial and information revolution may approach the magnitude of change that could result from the commercialization of NanoTechnology.Currently, NanoTechnology is moving from the basic research stage of its evolution into the applied research stage of technology maturity.Today there are several NanoTechnology companies already being traded on the public marketplace. As this technology evolves and matures, you can expect to see many more companies enter this space.
Today's manufacturing methods are very crude at the molecular level. Casting, grinding, milling, and even lithography move atoms in mass.It is like trying to make things out of LEGO blocks with boxing gloves on your hands.Yes, you can push the LEGO blocks into great heaps and pile them up; but you cannot really snap them together the way you would like.
5. Benefits of Nanotechnology:
Nanotechnology can solve many of the world's current problems. Some of the benefits of nanotechnology are stated below:
Advanced nanotech can solve many human problems.
Technology is not a panacea. However, it can be extremely useful in solving many kinds of problems. Improved housing and plumbing will increase health. More efficient agriculture and industry save water, land, materials, and labor, and reduce pollution. Access to information, education, and communication provides many opportunities for self improvement, economic efficiency, and participatory government. Cheap, reliable power is vital for the use of other technologies and provides many conveniences. Today, technology relies on distributed manufacturing, which requires many specialized materials and machines and highly trained labor.
Many diverse problems are related to water
A few basic problems create vast amounts of suffering and tragedy. Much industry can be directly replaced by nanotechnology. Agriculture can be moved into greenhouses. Residential water can be treated and recycled. Water-related diseases kill thousands, perhaps tens of thousands, of children each day. This is entirely preventable with basic technology, cheap to manufacture—if the factories are cheap and portable.
Nano Lasers in Communication:
The complex interaction between light and nanometer structures, like wires, has possibilities as new technology for devices and sensors. NAS researchers are studying light emission from a semiconductor nanowire-typically 10-100 nanometers wide and a few micrometers long-which functions as a laser. Lasers made from arrays of these wires have many potential applications in communications and sensing for NASA.
