25-03-2011, 02:59 PM
[attachment=10992]
A BETTER CAMERA PILL
ABSTRACT
The aim of technology is to make products in a large scale for cheaper prices and increased quality. The current technologies have attained a part of it, but the manufacturing technology is at macro level. The future lies in manufacturing product right from the molecular level. The medical field, once largely skeptical about swallowable capsules, is becoming more open to them as they’re being approved by the US Food and Drug Administration. But due to advent of nanotecnlogy we have realized it to a certain level. One such product manufactured is PILL CAMERA, which is used for the treatment of cancer, ulcer and anemia. It has made revolution in the field of medicine.
This tiny capsule can pass through our body, without causing any harm.
It takes pictures of our intestine and transmits the same to the receiver of the Computer analysis of our digestive
system. This process can help in tracking any kind of disease related to digestive system. Also we have discussed the
drawbacks of PILL CAMERA and how these drawbacks can be overcome using
Grain sized motor and bi-directional wireless telemetry capsule .Besides this we have reviewed the process of manufacturing products using nanotechnology. .
2.INTRODUCTION
We have made great progress in manufacturing products. Looking back from where we stand now, we started from flint knives and stone tools and reached the stage where we make such tools with more precision than ever. The leap in technology is great but it is not going to stop here. With our present technology we manufacture products by casting, milling, grinding, chipping and the likes. With these technologies we have made more things at a lower cost and greater precision than ever before. objects measured in nanometers. Nanometer can be visualized as billionth of a meter or millionth of a millimeter or it is 1/80000 width of human hair.
Imagine a vitamin pill-sized camera that could travel through your body taking pictures, helping diagnose a problem which doctor previously would have found only through surgery. No longer is such technology the stuff of science fiction films.
2.1 CONVENTIONAL METHOD:
Currently, standard method of detecting abnormalities in the intestines is through endoscopic examination in which doctors advance a scope down into the small intestine via the mouth. However, these scopes are unable to reach through all of the 20-foot-long small intestine, and thus provide only a partial view of that part of the bowel. With the help of pill camera not only can diagnoses be made for certain conditions routinely missed by other tests, but disorders can be detected at an earlier stage, enabling treatment before complications develop.
2.2 DISADVANTAGES OF EARLIER
METHODS:
Physical :
Introduction of unsterilised instruments into the body is always a possibility. Inexperienced handling of the endoscope,both rigid and flexible, or the equipment supported it can lead to punctured organs with variable effects.
Dyes :
Contrast agents or dyes (such as those used in a CT scan) that are used for imaging can cause allergic reactions.Iodine in these dyes is also a cause of allergic reactions,the dyes are specially harmful to thekidneys.
Sedation:
Experienced anesthesiologists will provide sedation only in required amounts to keep the patient comfortable. Over sedation can result in dangerously low blood pressure and nausea and vomiting.
3. PILL CAM
3.1 DEFNITION
The smooth plastic capsule contains a miniature video camera and is equipped with a light source on one end, batteries, a radio transmitter and antenna. After it is swallowed, the PillCam SB capsule transmits approximately 50,000 images over the course of an 8-hour period (about 2 images per second) to a data recording device attached to a belt worn around the patient’s waist. The small bowel images are then downloaded into a Given® Workstation computer where a physician can review the images in order to make a diagnosis.
3.2 PARTS OF PILL CAM:
Pill cam consists of the following parts
1. Camera
2. Lens
3. Flash lights
4. Battery
5. Data recorder
6. Sensor
7. Visual moniter
3.3 TYPES OF PILL CAM
Pill cam ESO:
During the 20-minutes procedure, the Pill Cam ESO video capsule transmits about 2,600 color images (14 images per second) to a data recording device attached to a belt worn around the patient’s waist. The images are then downloaded into a Given® Workstation computer where a physician can review the images in order to make a diagnosis.
Pill cam SB:
A patient fasts for 10 hours prior to the procedure, then swallows the PillCam SB video capsule with a glass of water. Images and data are acquired as the PillCam SB capsule passes through the digestive system over an 8-hour period. This information is transmitted via a SensorArray to the portable DataRecorder attached to a belt worn around the patient's waist. Once the patient swallows the capsule they can continue with their daily activities. After eight hours they return to the physician’s office with the DataRecorder so the images can be downloaded, and a diagnosis can be made.
3.4 DESCRIPTION:
The device, called the given Diagnostic Imaging System, comes in capsule form and contains a camera, lights, transmitter and batteries. The capsule has a clear end that allows the camera to view the lining of the small intestine. Capsule endoscopy consists of a disposable video camera encapsulated into a pill like form that is swallowed with water. The wireless camera takes thousands of high-quality digital images within the body as it passes through the entire length of the small intestine. The latest pill camera is sized at 26*11 mm and is capable of transmitting 50,000 color images during its traversal through the digestive system of patient.
Video chip consists of the IC CMOS image sensor which is used to take pictures of intestine .The lamp is used for proper illumination in the intestine for taking photos. Micro actuator acts as memory to store the software code that is the instructions. The antenna is used to transmit the images to the receiver. For the detection of reliable and correct information, capsule should be able to
designed to transmit several biomedical signals, such as pH, temp and pressure. This is achieved with the help of Soc. It is slightly larger than normal capsule. The patient swallows the capsule and the natural muscular waves of the digestive tract propel it forward through stomach, into small intestine, through the large intestine, and then out in the stool. It takes snaps as it glides through digestive tract twice a second. The capsule transmits the images to a data recorder, which is worn on a belt around the patient's waist while going about his or her day as usual. The physician then transfers the stored data to a computer for processing and analysis. The complete traversal takes around eight hours and after it has completed taking pictures it comes out of body as excreta. The PillCam ESO video capsule transmits about 2,600 color images. The PillCam SB capsule passes through the digestive system over an 8-hour period.
A BETTER CAMERA PILL
ABSTRACT
The aim of technology is to make products in a large scale for cheaper prices and increased quality. The current technologies have attained a part of it, but the manufacturing technology is at macro level. The future lies in manufacturing product right from the molecular level. The medical field, once largely skeptical about swallowable capsules, is becoming more open to them as they’re being approved by the US Food and Drug Administration. But due to advent of nanotecnlogy we have realized it to a certain level. One such product manufactured is PILL CAMERA, which is used for the treatment of cancer, ulcer and anemia. It has made revolution in the field of medicine.
This tiny capsule can pass through our body, without causing any harm.
It takes pictures of our intestine and transmits the same to the receiver of the Computer analysis of our digestive
system. This process can help in tracking any kind of disease related to digestive system. Also we have discussed the
drawbacks of PILL CAMERA and how these drawbacks can be overcome using
Grain sized motor and bi-directional wireless telemetry capsule .Besides this we have reviewed the process of manufacturing products using nanotechnology. .
2.INTRODUCTION
We have made great progress in manufacturing products. Looking back from where we stand now, we started from flint knives and stone tools and reached the stage where we make such tools with more precision than ever. The leap in technology is great but it is not going to stop here. With our present technology we manufacture products by casting, milling, grinding, chipping and the likes. With these technologies we have made more things at a lower cost and greater precision than ever before. objects measured in nanometers. Nanometer can be visualized as billionth of a meter or millionth of a millimeter or it is 1/80000 width of human hair.
Imagine a vitamin pill-sized camera that could travel through your body taking pictures, helping diagnose a problem which doctor previously would have found only through surgery. No longer is such technology the stuff of science fiction films.
2.1 CONVENTIONAL METHOD:
Currently, standard method of detecting abnormalities in the intestines is through endoscopic examination in which doctors advance a scope down into the small intestine via the mouth. However, these scopes are unable to reach through all of the 20-foot-long small intestine, and thus provide only a partial view of that part of the bowel. With the help of pill camera not only can diagnoses be made for certain conditions routinely missed by other tests, but disorders can be detected at an earlier stage, enabling treatment before complications develop.
2.2 DISADVANTAGES OF EARLIER
METHODS:
Physical :
Introduction of unsterilised instruments into the body is always a possibility. Inexperienced handling of the endoscope,both rigid and flexible, or the equipment supported it can lead to punctured organs with variable effects.
Dyes :
Contrast agents or dyes (such as those used in a CT scan) that are used for imaging can cause allergic reactions.Iodine in these dyes is also a cause of allergic reactions,the dyes are specially harmful to thekidneys.
Sedation:
Experienced anesthesiologists will provide sedation only in required amounts to keep the patient comfortable. Over sedation can result in dangerously low blood pressure and nausea and vomiting.
3. PILL CAM
3.1 DEFNITION
The smooth plastic capsule contains a miniature video camera and is equipped with a light source on one end, batteries, a radio transmitter and antenna. After it is swallowed, the PillCam SB capsule transmits approximately 50,000 images over the course of an 8-hour period (about 2 images per second) to a data recording device attached to a belt worn around the patient’s waist. The small bowel images are then downloaded into a Given® Workstation computer where a physician can review the images in order to make a diagnosis.
3.2 PARTS OF PILL CAM:
Pill cam consists of the following parts
1. Camera
2. Lens
3. Flash lights
4. Battery
5. Data recorder
6. Sensor
7. Visual moniter
3.3 TYPES OF PILL CAM
Pill cam ESO:
During the 20-minutes procedure, the Pill Cam ESO video capsule transmits about 2,600 color images (14 images per second) to a data recording device attached to a belt worn around the patient’s waist. The images are then downloaded into a Given® Workstation computer where a physician can review the images in order to make a diagnosis.
Pill cam SB:
A patient fasts for 10 hours prior to the procedure, then swallows the PillCam SB video capsule with a glass of water. Images and data are acquired as the PillCam SB capsule passes through the digestive system over an 8-hour period. This information is transmitted via a SensorArray to the portable DataRecorder attached to a belt worn around the patient's waist. Once the patient swallows the capsule they can continue with their daily activities. After eight hours they return to the physician’s office with the DataRecorder so the images can be downloaded, and a diagnosis can be made.
3.4 DESCRIPTION:
The device, called the given Diagnostic Imaging System, comes in capsule form and contains a camera, lights, transmitter and batteries. The capsule has a clear end that allows the camera to view the lining of the small intestine. Capsule endoscopy consists of a disposable video camera encapsulated into a pill like form that is swallowed with water. The wireless camera takes thousands of high-quality digital images within the body as it passes through the entire length of the small intestine. The latest pill camera is sized at 26*11 mm and is capable of transmitting 50,000 color images during its traversal through the digestive system of patient.
Video chip consists of the IC CMOS image sensor which is used to take pictures of intestine .The lamp is used for proper illumination in the intestine for taking photos. Micro actuator acts as memory to store the software code that is the instructions. The antenna is used to transmit the images to the receiver. For the detection of reliable and correct information, capsule should be able to
designed to transmit several biomedical signals, such as pH, temp and pressure. This is achieved with the help of Soc. It is slightly larger than normal capsule. The patient swallows the capsule and the natural muscular waves of the digestive tract propel it forward through stomach, into small intestine, through the large intestine, and then out in the stool. It takes snaps as it glides through digestive tract twice a second. The capsule transmits the images to a data recorder, which is worn on a belt around the patient's waist while going about his or her day as usual. The physician then transfers the stored data to a computer for processing and analysis. The complete traversal takes around eight hours and after it has completed taking pictures it comes out of body as excreta. The PillCam ESO video capsule transmits about 2,600 color images. The PillCam SB capsule passes through the digestive system over an 8-hour period.
