23-03-2011, 12:14 PM
Presented by:
K.A.SIVA KUMAR
P.NAVEEN KUMAR
[attachment=10818]
Technology is like a double edged weapon…..
which can turn either to a boon or bane..
depends only how you pursue it
and how you use it….
Energy is today’s basic necessity; we don’t produce energy but transfer it to different forms and use it. We have selected this presentation “NON-CONVENTIONAL ENERGY” because it suggests logical solutions to how we have produced energy and power for such a long time till humans existed on earth. In this presentation we have described the general idea of fuel cell energy with chemical reactions and processes involved in them. We have covered the history of fuel cell, principle and its working, types of fuel cells, construction of low temperature PEM fuel cell and benefits of fuel cells. There after we concluded up with the applications of these fuels cells.
Non-Conventional Energy
INTRODUCTION:-
Energy is the primary and most universal measure of all kinds of work by human beings and nature. Every thing that is happening in the world is the expression of flow of energy in one of its forms. Most people use the word energy for input to their body and thus think about crude fuels and electric power.
All of us know that neither energy can be created nor destroyed it can be just transformed from one form to another. Now-a-days we are using mostly non-conventional sources to generate electricity like solar energy, wind energy, chemical energy, co-generation, geothermal, biomass energy, hydro energy, fuel cell energy. These energy converters were developed mostly in 18th Century but the revolutionary changes occurred only in 20th and 21st centuries.
HISTORY OF FUEL CELL:-
The principle of the fuel cell was discovered by German scientist Christian Friedrich Schonbein in 1838 and published in the January 1839 edition of the “Philosophical magazine”. Based on this work, the first fuel cell was developed by Welsh scientist Sir William Robert Grove in 1843. The fuel cell he made used similar materials to today’s phosphoric-acid fuel cell. It wasn’t until 1959 that British engineer Francis Thomas Bacon successfully developed a 5 k W stationary fuel cell. In 1959 a team led by Harry Ihrig built a 15 KW fuel cell tractor for Allis-Chalmers which was demonstrated across the US at state fairs. This system used potassium hydroxide as the electrolyte and compressed hydrogen and oxygen as the reactants.
UTC’s Power subsidy was the first company to manufacture and commercialize a large, stationery fuel cell system for use as a co-generation power plant in hospitals, universities and large office buildings. UTC power continues to market this fuel cell as the Pure Cell 200 KW system.
In 2006 Staxon introduced an inexpensive OEM fuel cell module for system integration. In 2006 Angstrom power, a British Columbia based company, began commercial sales of portable devices using proprietary hydrogen fuel cell technology, trademarked as “micro hydrogen”.
WHAT IS A FUEL CELL?
Fuel cell is a device that electrochemically converts the chemical energy of a fuel and an oxidant to electrical energy. The fuel and oxidant are typically stored outside of the fuel cell and transferred into the fuel cell as the reactants are consumed.
In principle a fuel cell operates like a battery. Unlike a battery, a fuel cell does not run down are require recharging. It will produce energy in the form of electricity and heat as long as fuel is supplied.
A fuel cell consists of two electrodes sandwiched around an electrolyte. Oxygen passes over one electrode and hydrogen over the other, generating electricity, water and heat
HOW DO FUEL CELLS WORK?
Anode: 2H2 4H+ + 4e-
Cathode: O2 + 4H+ + 4e- 2H2O
Overall: 2H2 + O2 2H2O + energy
A fuel cell generates electrical power by continuously converting the chemical energy of a fuel into electrical energy by way of an electrochemical reaction. The fuel cell itself has no moving parts, making it a quiet and reliable source of power. Fuel cells typically utilize hydrogen as the fuel, and oxygen (usually from air) as the oxidant in the electrochemical reaction. The reaction results in electricity, by-product water, and by-product heat.
Because the fuel is converted directly to electricity, a fuel cell can operate at much
higher efficiencies than internal combustion engines, extracting more electricity from the same amount of fuel.
When hydrogen gas is introduced into the system, the catalyst surface of the membrane splits hydrogen gas molecules into protons and electrons. The protons pass through the membrane to react with oxygen in the air (forming water). The electrons, which cannot pass through the membrane, must travel around it, thus creating the source of DC electricity.
Individual fuel cells can be then combined into a fuel cell "stack". The number of fuel cells in the stack determines the total voltage, and the surface area of each cell determines the total current. Multiplying the voltage by the current yields the total electrical power generated.
TYPES OF FUEL CELLS:
Fuel cells are generally categorized by their electrolyte—the material sandwiched between the two electrodes. This material's characteristics determine the optimal operating temperature and the fuel used to generate electricity. Each comes with its particular set of benefits and short comings
K.A.SIVA KUMAR
P.NAVEEN KUMAR
[attachment=10818]
Technology is like a double edged weapon…..
which can turn either to a boon or bane..
depends only how you pursue it
and how you use it….
Energy is today’s basic necessity; we don’t produce energy but transfer it to different forms and use it. We have selected this presentation “NON-CONVENTIONAL ENERGY” because it suggests logical solutions to how we have produced energy and power for such a long time till humans existed on earth. In this presentation we have described the general idea of fuel cell energy with chemical reactions and processes involved in them. We have covered the history of fuel cell, principle and its working, types of fuel cells, construction of low temperature PEM fuel cell and benefits of fuel cells. There after we concluded up with the applications of these fuels cells.
Non-Conventional Energy
INTRODUCTION:-
Energy is the primary and most universal measure of all kinds of work by human beings and nature. Every thing that is happening in the world is the expression of flow of energy in one of its forms. Most people use the word energy for input to their body and thus think about crude fuels and electric power.
All of us know that neither energy can be created nor destroyed it can be just transformed from one form to another. Now-a-days we are using mostly non-conventional sources to generate electricity like solar energy, wind energy, chemical energy, co-generation, geothermal, biomass energy, hydro energy, fuel cell energy. These energy converters were developed mostly in 18th Century but the revolutionary changes occurred only in 20th and 21st centuries.
HISTORY OF FUEL CELL:-
The principle of the fuel cell was discovered by German scientist Christian Friedrich Schonbein in 1838 and published in the January 1839 edition of the “Philosophical magazine”. Based on this work, the first fuel cell was developed by Welsh scientist Sir William Robert Grove in 1843. The fuel cell he made used similar materials to today’s phosphoric-acid fuel cell. It wasn’t until 1959 that British engineer Francis Thomas Bacon successfully developed a 5 k W stationary fuel cell. In 1959 a team led by Harry Ihrig built a 15 KW fuel cell tractor for Allis-Chalmers which was demonstrated across the US at state fairs. This system used potassium hydroxide as the electrolyte and compressed hydrogen and oxygen as the reactants.
UTC’s Power subsidy was the first company to manufacture and commercialize a large, stationery fuel cell system for use as a co-generation power plant in hospitals, universities and large office buildings. UTC power continues to market this fuel cell as the Pure Cell 200 KW system.
In 2006 Staxon introduced an inexpensive OEM fuel cell module for system integration. In 2006 Angstrom power, a British Columbia based company, began commercial sales of portable devices using proprietary hydrogen fuel cell technology, trademarked as “micro hydrogen”.
WHAT IS A FUEL CELL?
Fuel cell is a device that electrochemically converts the chemical energy of a fuel and an oxidant to electrical energy. The fuel and oxidant are typically stored outside of the fuel cell and transferred into the fuel cell as the reactants are consumed.
In principle a fuel cell operates like a battery. Unlike a battery, a fuel cell does not run down are require recharging. It will produce energy in the form of electricity and heat as long as fuel is supplied.
A fuel cell consists of two electrodes sandwiched around an electrolyte. Oxygen passes over one electrode and hydrogen over the other, generating electricity, water and heat
HOW DO FUEL CELLS WORK?
Anode: 2H2 4H+ + 4e-
Cathode: O2 + 4H+ + 4e- 2H2O
Overall: 2H2 + O2 2H2O + energy
A fuel cell generates electrical power by continuously converting the chemical energy of a fuel into electrical energy by way of an electrochemical reaction. The fuel cell itself has no moving parts, making it a quiet and reliable source of power. Fuel cells typically utilize hydrogen as the fuel, and oxygen (usually from air) as the oxidant in the electrochemical reaction. The reaction results in electricity, by-product water, and by-product heat.
Because the fuel is converted directly to electricity, a fuel cell can operate at much
higher efficiencies than internal combustion engines, extracting more electricity from the same amount of fuel.
When hydrogen gas is introduced into the system, the catalyst surface of the membrane splits hydrogen gas molecules into protons and electrons. The protons pass through the membrane to react with oxygen in the air (forming water). The electrons, which cannot pass through the membrane, must travel around it, thus creating the source of DC electricity.
Individual fuel cells can be then combined into a fuel cell "stack". The number of fuel cells in the stack determines the total voltage, and the surface area of each cell determines the total current. Multiplying the voltage by the current yields the total electrical power generated.
TYPES OF FUEL CELLS:
Fuel cells are generally categorized by their electrolyte—the material sandwiched between the two electrodes. This material's characteristics determine the optimal operating temperature and the fuel used to generate electricity. Each comes with its particular set of benefits and short comings
