17-03-2011, 09:49 AM
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ABSTRACT
A brain-machine interface is a communication system that does not depend on the brains normal output pathways of peripheral nerves and muscles. It is a new communication page link between a functioning human brain and the outside world.These are electronic interfaces with the brain, which has the ability to send and receive signals from the brain. BMI uses brain activity to command, control, actuate and communicate with the world directly through brain integration with peripheral devices and systems. The signals from the brain are taken to the computer via the implants for data entry without any direct brain intervention. BMI transforms mental decisions and/or reactions into control signals by analyzing the bioelectrical brain activity.
While linking the brain directly with machines was once considered science fiction, advances over the past few years have made it increasingly viable. It is an area of intense research with almost limitless possibilities. The human brain is the most complex physical system we know of, and we would have to understand its operation in great detail to build such a device. An immediate goal of brain-machine interface study is to provide a way for people with damaged sensory/motor functions to use their brain to control artificial devices and restore lost capabilities. By combining the latest developments in computer technology and hi-tech engineering, paralyzed persons will be able to control a motorized wheel chair, computer painter, or robotic arm by thought alone. In this era where drastic diseases are getting common it is a boon if we can develop it to its full potential. Recent technical and theoretical advances, have demonstrated the ultimate feasibility of this concept for a wide range of space-based applications. Besides the clinical purposes such an interface would find immediate applications in various technology products also.
1. INTRODUCTION
Picture a time when humans see in the UV and IR portions of the electromagnetic spectrum, or hear speech on the noisy flight deck of an aircraft carrier; or when soldiers communicate by thought alone. Imagine a time when the human brain has its own wireless modem so that instead of acting on thoughts, war fighters have thoughts that act. Imagine that one day we will be able to download vast amounts of knowledge directly to our brain! So as to cut the lengthy processes of learning everything from scratch. Instead of paying to go to university we could pay to get a "knowledge implant" and perhaps be able to obtain many lifetimes worth of knowledge and expertise in various fields at a young age.
When we talk about high end computing and intelligent interfaces, we just cannot ignore robotics and artificial intelligence. In the near future, most devices would be remote/logically controlled. Researchers are close to breakthroughs in neural interfaces, meaning we could soon mesh our minds with machines. This technology has the capability to impact our lives in ways that have been previously thought possible in only sci-fi movies.
Brain-Machine Interface (BMI) is a communication system, which enables the user to control special computer applications by using only his or her thoughts. It will allow human brain to accept and control a mechanical device as a part of the body. Data can flow from brain to the outside machinery, or to brain from the outside machinery. Different research groups have examined and used different methods to achieve this. Almost all of them are based on electroencephalography (EEG) recorded from the scalp. Our major goal of such research is to create a system that allow patients who have damaged their sensory/motor nerves severely to activate outside mechanisms by using brain signals.
Cyberkinetics Inc, a leader in neurotechnology has developed the first implantable brain-machine interface that can reliably interpret brain signals and perhaps read decisions made in the brain to develop a fast, reliable and unobtrusive connection between the brain of severely disabled person to a personal computer.
2.SUBJECT DETAILING
2.1 BRAIN MACHINE INTERFACE
A brain-machine interface (BMI) is an attempt to mesh our minds with machines. It is a communication channel from a human's brain to a computer, which does not resort to the usual human output pathways as muscles. It is about giving machine-like capabilities to intelligence, asking the brain to accommodate synthetic devices, and learning how to control those devices much the way we control our arms and legs today. These experiments lend hope that people with spinal injuries will be able to someday use their brain to control a prosthetic limb, or even their own arm. A BMI could, e.g., allow a paralyzed patient to convey her/his intentions to a computer program. But also applications in which healthy users can benefit from the direct brain computer communication are conceivable, e.g., to speed up reaction times. Initially theses interactions are with peripheral devices, but ultimately it may be interaction with another brain. The first peripheral devices were robotic arms. Our approach bases on an artificial neural network that recognizes and classifies different brain activation patterns associated with carefully selected mental tasks. Using BMI artificial electrical signal can stimulate the brain tissue in order to transmit some particular sensory information.
2.2 THE HUMAN BRAIN
All of it happens in the brain. The brain is undoubtly the most complex organ found among the carbon-based life forms. So complex it is that we have only vague information about how it works. The average human brain weights around 1400 grams. The most relevant part of brain concerning BMI’s is the cerebral cortex. The cerebral cortex can be divided into two hemispheres. The hemispheres are connected with each other via corpus callosum. Each hemisphere can be divided into four lobes. They are called frontal, parietal, occipital and temporal lobes. Cerebral cortex is responsible for many higher order functions like problem solving, language comprehension and processing of complex visual information. The cerebral cortex can be divided into several areas, which are responsible of different functions. This kind of knowledge has been used when with BCI’s based on the pattern recognition approach. The mental tasks are chosen in such a way that they activate different parts of the cerebral cortex.
ABSTRACT
A brain-machine interface is a communication system that does not depend on the brains normal output pathways of peripheral nerves and muscles. It is a new communication page link between a functioning human brain and the outside world.These are electronic interfaces with the brain, which has the ability to send and receive signals from the brain. BMI uses brain activity to command, control, actuate and communicate with the world directly through brain integration with peripheral devices and systems. The signals from the brain are taken to the computer via the implants for data entry without any direct brain intervention. BMI transforms mental decisions and/or reactions into control signals by analyzing the bioelectrical brain activity.
While linking the brain directly with machines was once considered science fiction, advances over the past few years have made it increasingly viable. It is an area of intense research with almost limitless possibilities. The human brain is the most complex physical system we know of, and we would have to understand its operation in great detail to build such a device. An immediate goal of brain-machine interface study is to provide a way for people with damaged sensory/motor functions to use their brain to control artificial devices and restore lost capabilities. By combining the latest developments in computer technology and hi-tech engineering, paralyzed persons will be able to control a motorized wheel chair, computer painter, or robotic arm by thought alone. In this era where drastic diseases are getting common it is a boon if we can develop it to its full potential. Recent technical and theoretical advances, have demonstrated the ultimate feasibility of this concept for a wide range of space-based applications. Besides the clinical purposes such an interface would find immediate applications in various technology products also.
1. INTRODUCTION
Picture a time when humans see in the UV and IR portions of the electromagnetic spectrum, or hear speech on the noisy flight deck of an aircraft carrier; or when soldiers communicate by thought alone. Imagine a time when the human brain has its own wireless modem so that instead of acting on thoughts, war fighters have thoughts that act. Imagine that one day we will be able to download vast amounts of knowledge directly to our brain! So as to cut the lengthy processes of learning everything from scratch. Instead of paying to go to university we could pay to get a "knowledge implant" and perhaps be able to obtain many lifetimes worth of knowledge and expertise in various fields at a young age.
When we talk about high end computing and intelligent interfaces, we just cannot ignore robotics and artificial intelligence. In the near future, most devices would be remote/logically controlled. Researchers are close to breakthroughs in neural interfaces, meaning we could soon mesh our minds with machines. This technology has the capability to impact our lives in ways that have been previously thought possible in only sci-fi movies.
Brain-Machine Interface (BMI) is a communication system, which enables the user to control special computer applications by using only his or her thoughts. It will allow human brain to accept and control a mechanical device as a part of the body. Data can flow from brain to the outside machinery, or to brain from the outside machinery. Different research groups have examined and used different methods to achieve this. Almost all of them are based on electroencephalography (EEG) recorded from the scalp. Our major goal of such research is to create a system that allow patients who have damaged their sensory/motor nerves severely to activate outside mechanisms by using brain signals.
Cyberkinetics Inc, a leader in neurotechnology has developed the first implantable brain-machine interface that can reliably interpret brain signals and perhaps read decisions made in the brain to develop a fast, reliable and unobtrusive connection between the brain of severely disabled person to a personal computer.
2.SUBJECT DETAILING
2.1 BRAIN MACHINE INTERFACE
A brain-machine interface (BMI) is an attempt to mesh our minds with machines. It is a communication channel from a human's brain to a computer, which does not resort to the usual human output pathways as muscles. It is about giving machine-like capabilities to intelligence, asking the brain to accommodate synthetic devices, and learning how to control those devices much the way we control our arms and legs today. These experiments lend hope that people with spinal injuries will be able to someday use their brain to control a prosthetic limb, or even their own arm. A BMI could, e.g., allow a paralyzed patient to convey her/his intentions to a computer program. But also applications in which healthy users can benefit from the direct brain computer communication are conceivable, e.g., to speed up reaction times. Initially theses interactions are with peripheral devices, but ultimately it may be interaction with another brain. The first peripheral devices were robotic arms. Our approach bases on an artificial neural network that recognizes and classifies different brain activation patterns associated with carefully selected mental tasks. Using BMI artificial electrical signal can stimulate the brain tissue in order to transmit some particular sensory information.
2.2 THE HUMAN BRAIN
All of it happens in the brain. The brain is undoubtly the most complex organ found among the carbon-based life forms. So complex it is that we have only vague information about how it works. The average human brain weights around 1400 grams. The most relevant part of brain concerning BMI’s is the cerebral cortex. The cerebral cortex can be divided into two hemispheres. The hemispheres are connected with each other via corpus callosum. Each hemisphere can be divided into four lobes. They are called frontal, parietal, occipital and temporal lobes. Cerebral cortex is responsible for many higher order functions like problem solving, language comprehension and processing of complex visual information. The cerebral cortex can be divided into several areas, which are responsible of different functions. This kind of knowledge has been used when with BCI’s based on the pattern recognition approach. The mental tasks are chosen in such a way that they activate different parts of the cerebral cortex.
