12-03-2011, 11:25 AM
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Cellulose Paper + Nano-technology
An Overview of the battery technology that powers our mobile society.
INTRODUCTION
Battery Chemistry
Electrochemical reaction - a chemical reaction between elements which creates electrons.
Oxidation occurs on the metals (“electrodes”), which creates the electrons.
Electrons are transferred down the pile via the saltwater paper (the “electrolyte”).
A charge is introduced at one pole, which builds as it moves down the pile.
• Recharge-ability & the “memory effect”
Recharge-ability: basically, when the direction of electron discharge (negative to positive) is reversed, restoring power.
The Memory Effect: (generally) When a battery is repeatedly recharged before it has discharged more than half of its power, it will “forget” its original power capacity.
Cadmium crystals are the culprit! (NiCd)
• Lithium (Ion) Battery Development
In the 1970’s, Lithium metal was used but its instability rendered it unsafe and impractical. Lithium-cobalt oxide and graphite are now used as the lithium-Ion-moving electrodes.
The Lithium-Ion battery has a slightly lower energy density than Lithium metal, but is much safer. Introduced by Sony in 1991.
• Advantages of Using
Li-Ion Batteries
POWER – High energy density means greater power in a smaller package.
160% greater than NiMH
220% greater than NiCd
HIGHER VOLTAGE – a strong current allows it to power complex mechanical devices.
LONG SHELF-LIFE – only 5% discharge loss per month.
10% for NiMH, 20% for NiCd
• Disadvantages of Li-Ion
EXPENSIVE -- 40% more than NiCd.
DELICATE -- battery temp must be monitored from within (which raises the price), and sealed particularly well.
REGULATIONS -- when shipping Li-Ion batteries in bulk (which also raises the price).
Class 9 miscellaneous hazardous material
UN Manual of Tests and Criteria (III, 38.3)
• Environmental Impact of Li-Ion Batteries
Rechargeable batteries are often recyclable.
Oxidized Lithium is non-toxic, and can be extracted from the battery, neutralized, and used as feedstock for new Li-Ion batteries.
• The Intersection
“In terms of weight and size, batteries have become one of the limiting factors in the development of electronic devices.”
“The problem with...lithium batteries is that none of the existing electrode materials alone can deliver all the required performance characteristics including high capacity, higher operating voltage, and long cycle life. Consequently, the other way is to optimize available electrode materials by designing new composite structures on the nanoscale.”
• “Nano”-Science and
-Technology
The attempt to manufacture and control objects at the atomic and molecular level (i.e. 100 nanometers or smaller).
1 nanometer = 1 billionth of a meter (10-9)
1 nanometer : 1 meter :: 1 marble : Earth
1 sheet of paper = 100,000 nanometers
• Nano + Li-Ion = ?
Nanotechnology and Li-Ion applications in the commercial sector are apparent...
lighter, more powerful batteries increase user mobility and equipment life.
DeWalt 36volt cordless power tools
Nanotechnology & Li-Ion applications in the residential sector are not so obvious...
Micro-generated energy storage?
Micro-Generated Energy Storage
Li-Ion batteries’ high energy density allows batteries them to power complex machinery.
Li-Ion batteries recharge quickly and hold their charge longer, which provides flexibility to the micro-generator.
particularly helpful for wind and solar generators!
Lightness, and power per volume allow for storage and design flexibility.
WHAT IS A CARBON NANOTUBE?
• A carbon nanotube is a tube-shaped material, made of carbon, having a diameter measuring on the nanometer scale.
• A nanometer is one billionth of the meter or about one ten-thousandth the thickness of the human hair.
• The graphite layer appears somewhat like a rolled-up chicken wire with a continuous unbroken hexagonal mesh and carbon molecules at the apexes of the hexagons.
• Carbon Nanotubes have many structures, differing in length, thickness, and in the type of helicity and number of layers.
• Although they are formed from essentially the same graphite sheet, their electrical characteristics differ depending on these variations, acting either as metals or as semiconductors.
• As a group, Carbon Nanotubes typically have diameters ranging from <1 nm up to 50 nm. Their lengths are typically several microns, but recent advancements have made the nanotubes much longer, and measured in centimeters.
• . They are among the stiffest and strongest fibers known, and have remarkable electronic properties and many other unique characteristics.
• Carbon Nanotubes can be categorized by their structures:
Single-wall Nanotubes (SWNT)
Multi-wall Nanotubes (MWNT)
Double-wall Nanotubes (DWNT)
• How Does Nanocyl Produce Carbon Nanotubes?
• Nanocyl uses the "Catalytic Carbon Vapour Deposition" method for producing Carbon Nanotube Technologies.
• It involves growing nanotubes on substrates, thus enabling uniform, large-scale production of the highest-quality carbon nanotubes worldwide.
• This proven industrial process is well known for its reliability and scalability.
What are the Properties of a Carbon Nanotube?
• The intrinsic mechanical and transport properties of Carbon Nanotubes make them the ultimate carbon fibers.
• The following tables compare these properties to other engineering materials. Mechanical properties of engineering fibers are:
• Transport properties of conductive materials are:
EXAMPLE:
• Let us take an example how the ionic liquid is used as an electrolyte for the paper batteries.
• As the ionic liquid does not contain any water, there will be nothing to evaporate and the use of ionic liquid in making paper batteries makes the battery to withstand at extreme temperatures.
• Let us see how the sulphuric acid acts as an electrolyte by studying its properties.
• Sulphuric acid or sulfuric acid is a strong mineral acid with the molecular formula H2SO4. Its historical name is vitriol.
• It is soluble in water at all concentrations. It has many applications and is a basic substance in the chemical industry.
Polarity and conductivity of H2SO4:
• H2SO4 is a very polar liquid, having a dielectric constant of around 100.
• It has a high electrical conductivity caused by dissociation through protonating itself, a process known as autopyrolysis.
Physical properties:
Chemical properties:
Reaction with water:
• The hydration reaction of sulfuric acid is highly exothermic.
• One should always add the acid to the water rather than the water to the acid. Because the reaction is in an equilibrium that favors the rapid protonation of water, addition of acid to the water ensures that the acid is the limiting reagent.
• This reaction is best thought of as the formation of hydronium ions:
• H2SO4 + H2O → H3O+ + HSO4−
• HSO4− + H2O → H3O+ + SO42−
• Because the hydration of sulfuric acid is thermodynamically favorable, sulfuric acid is an excellent dehydrating agent.
• Concentrated sulfuric acid reacts with sodium chloride, and gives hydrogen chloride gas and sodium bisulfate:
• NaCl + H2SO4 → NaHSO4 + HCl
• Dilute H2SO4 attacks iron, aluminium, zinc, manganese, magnesium and nickel, but reactions with tin and copper require the acid to be hot and concentrated.
• Lead and tungsten, however, are resistant to sulfuric acid.
• The reaction with iron shown below is typical for most of these metals, but the reaction with tin produces sulfur dioxide rather than hydrogen.
• Fe (s) + H2SO4 (aq) → H2 (g) + FeSO4 (aq)
• Sn (s) + 2 H2SO4 (aq) → SnSO4 (aq) + 2 H2O (l) + SO2 (g)
• These reactions may be taken as typical: the hot concentrated acid generally acts as an oxidizing agent whereas the dilute acid acts a typical acid.
• Hence hot concentrated acid reacts with tin, zinc and copper to produce the salt, water and sulfur dioxide, whereas the dilute acid reacts with metals high in the reactivity series to produce a salt and hydrogen.
• Concentrated sulfuric acid has a very strong affinity for water. It is sometimes used as a drying agent and can be used to dehydrate (chemically remove water from) many compounds, e.g., carbohydrates.
• When the concentrated acid mixes with water, large amounts of heat are released.
• Dilute sulfuric acid is a strong acid and a good electrolyte; it is highly ionized, much of the heat released in dilution coming from hydration of the hydrogen ions.
• The dilute acid has most of the properties of common strong acids. It turns blue litmus red.
• It reacts with many metals (e.g., with zinc), releasing hydrogen gas, H2, and forming the sulfate of the metal.
• It reacts with most hydroxides and oxides, with some carbonates and sulfides, and with some salts. Since it is dibasic (i.e., it has two replaceable hydrogen atoms in each molecule).
• The Fe3+ produced can be precipitated as the hydroxide or hydrous oxide:
• Fe3+ (aq) + 3 H2O → Fe(OH)3 (s) + 3 H+
Summary:
• In case of the lead-acid batteries, the RAYON serves as an electrolyte. But the rayon is made with sulphuric acid. It contains 33% of H2SO4 and with specific gravity 1.25, and is commonly called battery acid.
• As the sulphuric acid is a strong acid and a good electrolyte, it acts a one of the electrolytes in the manufacture of the paper batteries.
• Due to its better properties that is physical and chemical properties and the reactions with water and with other reagents, keeping all this in consideration, the sulphuric acid is used as one of electrolytes of the paper battery.
• Thus in case of other ionic liquid also, we must consider all these properties, to make it use for the purpose of making paper batteries
• uses
• Applications
CONCLUSION
• Finally, an interesting idea...
Background:
battery research results in annual capacity gains of approximately 6%
Moore’s Law: The number of transistors on a computer microchip will double every two years. (40 years of proof!)
Idea: If battery technology had developed at the same rate, a heavy duty car battery would be the size of a penny.
Cellulose Paper + Nano-technology
An Overview of the battery technology that powers our mobile society.
INTRODUCTION
Battery Chemistry
Electrochemical reaction - a chemical reaction between elements which creates electrons.
Oxidation occurs on the metals (“electrodes”), which creates the electrons.
Electrons are transferred down the pile via the saltwater paper (the “electrolyte”).
A charge is introduced at one pole, which builds as it moves down the pile.
• Recharge-ability & the “memory effect”
Recharge-ability: basically, when the direction of electron discharge (negative to positive) is reversed, restoring power.
The Memory Effect: (generally) When a battery is repeatedly recharged before it has discharged more than half of its power, it will “forget” its original power capacity.
Cadmium crystals are the culprit! (NiCd)
• Lithium (Ion) Battery Development
In the 1970’s, Lithium metal was used but its instability rendered it unsafe and impractical. Lithium-cobalt oxide and graphite are now used as the lithium-Ion-moving electrodes.
The Lithium-Ion battery has a slightly lower energy density than Lithium metal, but is much safer. Introduced by Sony in 1991.
• Advantages of Using
Li-Ion Batteries
POWER – High energy density means greater power in a smaller package.
160% greater than NiMH
220% greater than NiCd
HIGHER VOLTAGE – a strong current allows it to power complex mechanical devices.
LONG SHELF-LIFE – only 5% discharge loss per month.
10% for NiMH, 20% for NiCd
• Disadvantages of Li-Ion
EXPENSIVE -- 40% more than NiCd.
DELICATE -- battery temp must be monitored from within (which raises the price), and sealed particularly well.
REGULATIONS -- when shipping Li-Ion batteries in bulk (which also raises the price).
Class 9 miscellaneous hazardous material
UN Manual of Tests and Criteria (III, 38.3)
• Environmental Impact of Li-Ion Batteries
Rechargeable batteries are often recyclable.
Oxidized Lithium is non-toxic, and can be extracted from the battery, neutralized, and used as feedstock for new Li-Ion batteries.
• The Intersection
“In terms of weight and size, batteries have become one of the limiting factors in the development of electronic devices.”
“The problem with...lithium batteries is that none of the existing electrode materials alone can deliver all the required performance characteristics including high capacity, higher operating voltage, and long cycle life. Consequently, the other way is to optimize available electrode materials by designing new composite structures on the nanoscale.”
• “Nano”-Science and
-Technology
The attempt to manufacture and control objects at the atomic and molecular level (i.e. 100 nanometers or smaller).
1 nanometer = 1 billionth of a meter (10-9)
1 nanometer : 1 meter :: 1 marble : Earth
1 sheet of paper = 100,000 nanometers
• Nano + Li-Ion = ?
Nanotechnology and Li-Ion applications in the commercial sector are apparent...
lighter, more powerful batteries increase user mobility and equipment life.
DeWalt 36volt cordless power tools
Nanotechnology & Li-Ion applications in the residential sector are not so obvious...
Micro-generated energy storage?
Micro-Generated Energy Storage
Li-Ion batteries’ high energy density allows batteries them to power complex machinery.
Li-Ion batteries recharge quickly and hold their charge longer, which provides flexibility to the micro-generator.
particularly helpful for wind and solar generators!
Lightness, and power per volume allow for storage and design flexibility.
WHAT IS A CARBON NANOTUBE?
• A carbon nanotube is a tube-shaped material, made of carbon, having a diameter measuring on the nanometer scale.
• A nanometer is one billionth of the meter or about one ten-thousandth the thickness of the human hair.
• The graphite layer appears somewhat like a rolled-up chicken wire with a continuous unbroken hexagonal mesh and carbon molecules at the apexes of the hexagons.
• Carbon Nanotubes have many structures, differing in length, thickness, and in the type of helicity and number of layers.
• Although they are formed from essentially the same graphite sheet, their electrical characteristics differ depending on these variations, acting either as metals or as semiconductors.
• As a group, Carbon Nanotubes typically have diameters ranging from <1 nm up to 50 nm. Their lengths are typically several microns, but recent advancements have made the nanotubes much longer, and measured in centimeters.
• . They are among the stiffest and strongest fibers known, and have remarkable electronic properties and many other unique characteristics.
• Carbon Nanotubes can be categorized by their structures:
Single-wall Nanotubes (SWNT)
Multi-wall Nanotubes (MWNT)
Double-wall Nanotubes (DWNT)
• How Does Nanocyl Produce Carbon Nanotubes?
• Nanocyl uses the "Catalytic Carbon Vapour Deposition" method for producing Carbon Nanotube Technologies.
• It involves growing nanotubes on substrates, thus enabling uniform, large-scale production of the highest-quality carbon nanotubes worldwide.
• This proven industrial process is well known for its reliability and scalability.
What are the Properties of a Carbon Nanotube?
• The intrinsic mechanical and transport properties of Carbon Nanotubes make them the ultimate carbon fibers.
• The following tables compare these properties to other engineering materials. Mechanical properties of engineering fibers are:
• Transport properties of conductive materials are:
EXAMPLE:
• Let us take an example how the ionic liquid is used as an electrolyte for the paper batteries.
• As the ionic liquid does not contain any water, there will be nothing to evaporate and the use of ionic liquid in making paper batteries makes the battery to withstand at extreme temperatures.
• Let us see how the sulphuric acid acts as an electrolyte by studying its properties.
• Sulphuric acid or sulfuric acid is a strong mineral acid with the molecular formula H2SO4. Its historical name is vitriol.
• It is soluble in water at all concentrations. It has many applications and is a basic substance in the chemical industry.
Polarity and conductivity of H2SO4:
• H2SO4 is a very polar liquid, having a dielectric constant of around 100.
• It has a high electrical conductivity caused by dissociation through protonating itself, a process known as autopyrolysis.
Physical properties:
Chemical properties:
Reaction with water:
• The hydration reaction of sulfuric acid is highly exothermic.
• One should always add the acid to the water rather than the water to the acid. Because the reaction is in an equilibrium that favors the rapid protonation of water, addition of acid to the water ensures that the acid is the limiting reagent.
• This reaction is best thought of as the formation of hydronium ions:
• H2SO4 + H2O → H3O+ + HSO4−
• HSO4− + H2O → H3O+ + SO42−
• Because the hydration of sulfuric acid is thermodynamically favorable, sulfuric acid is an excellent dehydrating agent.
• Concentrated sulfuric acid reacts with sodium chloride, and gives hydrogen chloride gas and sodium bisulfate:
• NaCl + H2SO4 → NaHSO4 + HCl
• Dilute H2SO4 attacks iron, aluminium, zinc, manganese, magnesium and nickel, but reactions with tin and copper require the acid to be hot and concentrated.
• Lead and tungsten, however, are resistant to sulfuric acid.
• The reaction with iron shown below is typical for most of these metals, but the reaction with tin produces sulfur dioxide rather than hydrogen.
• Fe (s) + H2SO4 (aq) → H2 (g) + FeSO4 (aq)
• Sn (s) + 2 H2SO4 (aq) → SnSO4 (aq) + 2 H2O (l) + SO2 (g)
• These reactions may be taken as typical: the hot concentrated acid generally acts as an oxidizing agent whereas the dilute acid acts a typical acid.
• Hence hot concentrated acid reacts with tin, zinc and copper to produce the salt, water and sulfur dioxide, whereas the dilute acid reacts with metals high in the reactivity series to produce a salt and hydrogen.
• Concentrated sulfuric acid has a very strong affinity for water. It is sometimes used as a drying agent and can be used to dehydrate (chemically remove water from) many compounds, e.g., carbohydrates.
• When the concentrated acid mixes with water, large amounts of heat are released.
• Dilute sulfuric acid is a strong acid and a good electrolyte; it is highly ionized, much of the heat released in dilution coming from hydration of the hydrogen ions.
• The dilute acid has most of the properties of common strong acids. It turns blue litmus red.
• It reacts with many metals (e.g., with zinc), releasing hydrogen gas, H2, and forming the sulfate of the metal.
• It reacts with most hydroxides and oxides, with some carbonates and sulfides, and with some salts. Since it is dibasic (i.e., it has two replaceable hydrogen atoms in each molecule).
• The Fe3+ produced can be precipitated as the hydroxide or hydrous oxide:
• Fe3+ (aq) + 3 H2O → Fe(OH)3 (s) + 3 H+
Summary:
• In case of the lead-acid batteries, the RAYON serves as an electrolyte. But the rayon is made with sulphuric acid. It contains 33% of H2SO4 and with specific gravity 1.25, and is commonly called battery acid.
• As the sulphuric acid is a strong acid and a good electrolyte, it acts a one of the electrolytes in the manufacture of the paper batteries.
• Due to its better properties that is physical and chemical properties and the reactions with water and with other reagents, keeping all this in consideration, the sulphuric acid is used as one of electrolytes of the paper battery.
• Thus in case of other ionic liquid also, we must consider all these properties, to make it use for the purpose of making paper batteries
• uses
• Applications
CONCLUSION
• Finally, an interesting idea...
Background:
battery research results in annual capacity gains of approximately 6%
Moore’s Law: The number of transistors on a computer microchip will double every two years. (40 years of proof!)
Idea: If battery technology had developed at the same rate, a heavy duty car battery would be the size of a penny.
