22-02-2011, 11:05 AM
[attachment=8931]
NANOTECHNOLOGY
ABSTRACT:
This paper focusses on the research, developments, advantages and disadvantages of Nanotechnology. Nanotechnology is perceived as one of the key technologies of the 21st century with a potential to flourish in the near future.The aim of nanotechnology is to build the future, atom by atom.The very thought,“There is plenty of room at the bottom” took the trend towards this miniaturization.When we get to the very, very small world of atoms,we have a lot of new things that would happen that represent completely new opportunities for design. Atoms on a small scale satisfy the laws of quantum mechanics. So, as we go down and fiddle around with the atoms down there, we are working with different laws, and we can expect to do different things. We can manufacture in different ways. Another thing we will notice is that, if we go down far enough, all of our devices can be mass produced so that they are absolutely perfect copies of one another. We cannot build two large machines so that the dimensions are exactly the same. At this atomic level, we have new kinds of forces and new kinds of possibilities, new kinds of effects. The problems of manufacture and reproduction of materials will be quite different. In a few decades, this emerging technology will let us inexpensively arrange atoms and molecules in most of the ways permitted. It will let us make supercomputers that fit on the head of a pin and fleets of medical nanorobots smaller than a human cell able to eliminate cancer, infections, clogged arteries, and even old age. Hence nanotechnology is a development that cannot be avoided. We are just at the beginning of the road, and a few commercial products are using one-dimensional nano-structures (nanoparticles, nanotubes, nanolayers, and superlattices). New concepts and economical manufacturing of two- and three-dimensional nanostructures are challenging issues for the future. Since all objects establish their foundation at the nanoscale, and their properties could be tailored at that scale for given purposes, nanotechnology may revolutionize production of almost all manmade objects. People will look back on this era with the same feelings we have toward medieval times--when technology was primitive and almost everyone lived in poverty and died young. Described as 'a new industrial revolution', nanotechnologies have the potential to produce sweeping changes to all aspects of human society inspite of the minor flaws.
KEYWORDS:
Nanotechnology,nanoscale,nanorobots,nanolayers,miniaturization,carbon nanotubes(CNT).
PRESENT SCENARIO:
Though the technology has developed rapidly over the years there are still some challenges which are to be met. Some of them are
Conventional manufacturing is expensive as it uses large amounts of material and energy and its cost of capital, land and labour are high. In addition to this it creates more pollution.And nonrenewable resources are exploitated by man to such an extent that they will be exhausted in the near future. Also surgical instruments of high precision – that could operate on even cells and molecules are to be invented.Living systems should be explored and analysed more clearly than even before.Moore proposed in 1965 that computer processing power would double every 18 months which means the transistors must be scaled down to at least 9 nanometers by around 2016.Storage devices should also have the capacity of storing lump some data in a relatively less space. Pollution check using eco friendly techniques has become a great challenge in 21st century and it should be met. Ozone layer ,greatly damaged due to human activity needs an immediate check.Micro structural study of several metals reveals many interesting facts about their properties. Hence we should probe into micro structural level.
All these challenges could be efficiently met only by scaling down the existing technologies to the next level of precision & miniaturiasation which can be achieved by a newly emerging weapon
NANOTECHNOLOGY--BRIEF:
Nanotechnology is a creation of functional materials, devices and systems through control of matter on nanometer scale .It is often termed as “MOLECULAR MANUFACTURING”. When solids, liquids, and gases are confined to regions smaller than 100 nm, for instance, their behavior can be modified by the confinement. Properties such as thermal conductivity, electrical conductivity, optical absorption and emission spectra, mechanical strength, and viscosity are size dependent. Hence nanotechnology works at nanometer scale which is very small. The tip of probe of scanning tunneling microscope, used to record surface topography has a diameter of 10 nanometers----that’s 0.01 micrometer or 10000 across on tip of a pin! Nanotechnology includes integration of nanoscale structures into larger architectures that could be used in industry, medicine, and environmental protection. Nanotechnology is the amalgamation of knowledge from chemistry, physics, biology, materials science, and various engineering fields.What has nanotechnology got to do with mechanical engineering? In fact, quite a bit of nanoscale science and engineering is already performed by mechanical engineers. For example, mechanical engineers have been essential in developing instruments such as nanoindentors and atomic force microscopes, which are used for mechanical testing, nanoscale imaging, and metrology.Mechanical engineering issues extend to instruments for nanoparticle and aerosol detection and characterization, as well as to various forms of nanoscale imaging. Magnetic data storage technology already has many features that fall well into the nanometer size range, and requires mechanical engineering knowledge and expertise to further its development. Mechanical engineering concepts also come into play in designing magnetic data storage, which currently requires heads to fly over a disk with spacing of about 10 nm. Maintaining such flying heights without crashing calls for exquisite design and manufacturing of disks and heads, and fundamental understanding of dynamics, non-continuum fluid mechanics, and surface forces. This has always been part of mechanicalengineering and is expected to remain so even as the scales involved shrink. Another field where nanotechnology may need mechanical engineers is information processing and storage. When transistors reach the scales of 20 to 30 nano-meters (a scale that will be necessary to keep up with Moore's law) quantum effects such as electron tunneling will lead to electron leakage, and this will cost power. Higher speeds will also require electromagnetic isolation, which will necessitate the use of materials that have extremely low thermal conductivities.
NANOTECHNOLOGY
ABSTRACT:
This paper focusses on the research, developments, advantages and disadvantages of Nanotechnology. Nanotechnology is perceived as one of the key technologies of the 21st century with a potential to flourish in the near future.The aim of nanotechnology is to build the future, atom by atom.The very thought,“There is plenty of room at the bottom” took the trend towards this miniaturization.When we get to the very, very small world of atoms,we have a lot of new things that would happen that represent completely new opportunities for design. Atoms on a small scale satisfy the laws of quantum mechanics. So, as we go down and fiddle around with the atoms down there, we are working with different laws, and we can expect to do different things. We can manufacture in different ways. Another thing we will notice is that, if we go down far enough, all of our devices can be mass produced so that they are absolutely perfect copies of one another. We cannot build two large machines so that the dimensions are exactly the same. At this atomic level, we have new kinds of forces and new kinds of possibilities, new kinds of effects. The problems of manufacture and reproduction of materials will be quite different. In a few decades, this emerging technology will let us inexpensively arrange atoms and molecules in most of the ways permitted. It will let us make supercomputers that fit on the head of a pin and fleets of medical nanorobots smaller than a human cell able to eliminate cancer, infections, clogged arteries, and even old age. Hence nanotechnology is a development that cannot be avoided. We are just at the beginning of the road, and a few commercial products are using one-dimensional nano-structures (nanoparticles, nanotubes, nanolayers, and superlattices). New concepts and economical manufacturing of two- and three-dimensional nanostructures are challenging issues for the future. Since all objects establish their foundation at the nanoscale, and their properties could be tailored at that scale for given purposes, nanotechnology may revolutionize production of almost all manmade objects. People will look back on this era with the same feelings we have toward medieval times--when technology was primitive and almost everyone lived in poverty and died young. Described as 'a new industrial revolution', nanotechnologies have the potential to produce sweeping changes to all aspects of human society inspite of the minor flaws.
KEYWORDS:
Nanotechnology,nanoscale,nanorobots,nanolayers,miniaturization,carbon nanotubes(CNT).
PRESENT SCENARIO:
Though the technology has developed rapidly over the years there are still some challenges which are to be met. Some of them are
Conventional manufacturing is expensive as it uses large amounts of material and energy and its cost of capital, land and labour are high. In addition to this it creates more pollution.And nonrenewable resources are exploitated by man to such an extent that they will be exhausted in the near future. Also surgical instruments of high precision – that could operate on even cells and molecules are to be invented.Living systems should be explored and analysed more clearly than even before.Moore proposed in 1965 that computer processing power would double every 18 months which means the transistors must be scaled down to at least 9 nanometers by around 2016.Storage devices should also have the capacity of storing lump some data in a relatively less space. Pollution check using eco friendly techniques has become a great challenge in 21st century and it should be met. Ozone layer ,greatly damaged due to human activity needs an immediate check.Micro structural study of several metals reveals many interesting facts about their properties. Hence we should probe into micro structural level.
All these challenges could be efficiently met only by scaling down the existing technologies to the next level of precision & miniaturiasation which can be achieved by a newly emerging weapon
NANOTECHNOLOGY--BRIEF:
Nanotechnology is a creation of functional materials, devices and systems through control of matter on nanometer scale .It is often termed as “MOLECULAR MANUFACTURING”. When solids, liquids, and gases are confined to regions smaller than 100 nm, for instance, their behavior can be modified by the confinement. Properties such as thermal conductivity, electrical conductivity, optical absorption and emission spectra, mechanical strength, and viscosity are size dependent. Hence nanotechnology works at nanometer scale which is very small. The tip of probe of scanning tunneling microscope, used to record surface topography has a diameter of 10 nanometers----that’s 0.01 micrometer or 10000 across on tip of a pin! Nanotechnology includes integration of nanoscale structures into larger architectures that could be used in industry, medicine, and environmental protection. Nanotechnology is the amalgamation of knowledge from chemistry, physics, biology, materials science, and various engineering fields.What has nanotechnology got to do with mechanical engineering? In fact, quite a bit of nanoscale science and engineering is already performed by mechanical engineers. For example, mechanical engineers have been essential in developing instruments such as nanoindentors and atomic force microscopes, which are used for mechanical testing, nanoscale imaging, and metrology.Mechanical engineering issues extend to instruments for nanoparticle and aerosol detection and characterization, as well as to various forms of nanoscale imaging. Magnetic data storage technology already has many features that fall well into the nanometer size range, and requires mechanical engineering knowledge and expertise to further its development. Mechanical engineering concepts also come into play in designing magnetic data storage, which currently requires heads to fly over a disk with spacing of about 10 nm. Maintaining such flying heights without crashing calls for exquisite design and manufacturing of disks and heads, and fundamental understanding of dynamics, non-continuum fluid mechanics, and surface forces. This has always been part of mechanicalengineering and is expected to remain so even as the scales involved shrink. Another field where nanotechnology may need mechanical engineers is information processing and storage. When transistors reach the scales of 20 to 30 nano-meters (a scale that will be necessary to keep up with Moore's law) quantum effects such as electron tunneling will lead to electron leakage, and this will cost power. Higher speeds will also require electromagnetic isolation, which will necessitate the use of materials that have extremely low thermal conductivities.
