14-05-2010, 07:00 AM
[attachment=3518]
[attachment=3520]
Presented By:
1. Mihir Pandya(366)
2. Chintan Patel(33i)
II AGENDA
• Why is it required
• Why go GREEN
• What is Green Computing
• Integrated Circuit
• Power Consumption
• Reducing energy consumption
• Facts
• Solutions
• Greenpeace Ratings Recycling
• Conclusion References
Today, the main problem of the world is Global warming. The atmosphere is becoming hot & is causing many problems to living organisms. Computers also play a major role in polluting the world.
o Climate Change: First and foremost, conclusive research shows that CO2 and other emissions are causing global climate and environmental damage. Preserving the planet is a valid goal because it aims to preserve life. Planets like ours, that supports life, are very rare. None of the planets in our solar system, or in nearby star systems have m-class planets as we know them.
o Savings: Green computing can lead to serious cost savings over time. Reductions in energy costs from servers, cooling, and lighting are generating serious savings for many corporations.
o Reliability of Power: As energy demands in the world go up, 1 energy supply is declining or flat. Energy efficient systems helps
• ensure healthy power systems. Also, more companies are generating more of their own electricity, which further motivates them to keep power consumption low.
o Computing: Computing Power Consumption has Reached a Critical Point: Data centers have run out of usable power and cooling due to high densities.
Ill What is Green Computing
Green computing or green IT, refer^to environmentally sustainable computing or IT. It is "the study and practice of designing, manufacturing, using, and disposing of computers, servers, and associated subsystemsâ€such as monitors, printers, storage devices, and networking and communications systemsâ€efficiently and effectively with minimal or no impact on the environment.
• In order to achieve sustainable computing, we need to rethink from a "Green Computing" perspective.
• GreenComputing:
• Maximize energy
• Reduce of the use of hazardous materials such as lead
• Maximize recyclability of both a defunct product and of any factory waste.
"Green Computing" in view of energy efficiency at the nanometer scale -design low power consumption integrated circuits at 180nm and below. A Perfect "Green Computing" Example A super low-power "processor": D 800x faster D 1000x more memory D 3000X less
Why
• computer energy is often wasteful
• leaving the computer on when not in use (CPU and fan consume power, screen savers consume power) printing is often wasteful
• how many of you print out your emails or meeting agendas
• printing out partial drafts
• for a "paperless" society, we tend to use more paper today than before computer-prevalence pollution manufacturing techniques
• packaging
• disposal of computers and components toxicity
as we will see, there are toxic chemicals used in the manufacturing of computers and components which can enter the food chain and water!
Ill Integrated Circuits are Everywhere
Ill Integrated Circuit Market
were
Six billion microcontroller shipped in 2004, predicted to by 10% each year from 2004-2009 (Instate Inc. market research)
Semiconductor annual revenue of estimated at US $211.4
2004 is billion.
Desktop consumption has reached 100 watts
Total Personal Computer(400 million) energy usage in 2000 = 26 nuclear power plants
Power is the bottleneck of improving the system performance
Power consumption is causing serious problems because of excessive heat.
As circuit speed increases, power consumption has been the issue grows
<D mand
/Mr
pplications demand long If I v« ) 11
Designing low power circuits most important
Low power consumption is listed as the second greatest challenge for the industry
U.S consumes 25% of world's energy
-Computer infrastructure accounts for 1.5% and growing.
-E-Waste is becoming a major problem
¦ Political, ethical and financial
imperative for schools
-Set an example for students and the community
Ill What can we do about power
Understand all levels of the computer
Understand where power is dissipated
Think about ways to reduce power usage
at all levels A
Ill Components that consume
power
Video Card
AfastGPU maybe the largestpower consumer in a computer.
Energyefficientdisplayoptions include:
No video card - use a shared terminal, shared thin client, or desktop sharing software ifdisplayrequired.
Use motherboard video output - typically low 3D performance and lowpower.
Select a GPU based on average wattage or performance per watt.
Display
LCD monitors typically use a cold-cathode fluorescent bulb to provide light for the display. Some newer displays use an array of light-emitting diodes (LEDs) in place of the fluorescent bulb, which reduces the amount of electricity used by the display
Ill Cont.
Operating system issues
Microsoft has been heavily criticised for producing operating systems that, out of the box, are not energy efficient. Due to Microsoft's dominance of the huge desktop operating system market this may have resulted in more energy waste than any other initiative by other vendors. Microsoft claim to have improved this in Vista, though the claim is disputed. This problem has been compounded because Windows versions before Vista did not allow power management features to be configured centrally by a system administrator. This has meant that most organisations have been unable to improve this situation.
Sun Datacenter 2006
10.5M kWh
10K tons of C02
WW Datacenters
290B kWh 200M tons of C02
200 M tons of CO2= CO2 produced by 40 million cars
Ill Cooling the Data Center
Current coolants: CFCs and HCFCs = Ozone Depletion
The other alternative coolant: HFC = increase in green house emission 1300 times (http://cs.virginia.edu/kim/c ourses/cs771/lectures/CS771-
22.ppt)
Moving Datacenters to exotic locations(Microsoft -> Cold Siberia, Sun -> underground)
1 Manufacturing - Fossil Fuels
Average desktop computer with monitor requires 10 times its weight in chemicals and fossil fuels to produce .
240 kg of fossil fuel for CRT monitor
(United Nations University).
266 kg of fossil fuel for LCD monitor (Williams, 2003).
Ill Manufacturing - Monitors
CRT - lead and zinc leachate mean monitors are
hazardous waste
(Lee etal., 2004)
Lead: bioavailable in soil - can attack proteins and DNA, as well as interfere with nervous system function (Bechara, 2004; Needleman, 2004)
LCD - 4-12 mg mercury /unit (Williams, 2003)
Liquid crystals - polycyclic or halogenated aromatic hydrocarbons, 588 different compounds
n 4% have potential for acute toxicity, but show no mutagenic effects in bacteria tests (Williams, 2003)
IE-waste Impacts
Energy Use of PCs
CPU uses 120 Watts
CRT uses 150 Watts
D 8 hours of usage, 5 days a week = 562 KWatts
if the computer is left on all the time without proper power saver modes, this can lead to 1,600 KWatts
D for a large institution, say a university of 40,000 students and faculty, the power bill for just computers can come to $2 million /year
Energy use comes from
D electrical current to run the CPU, motherboard, memory
D running the fan and spinning the disk(s)
D monitor (CRTs consume more power than any other computer component)
D printers
Reducing Energy Consumption
Turn offthe computer when not in use, even ifjust for an hour
Turn off the monitor when not in use (as opposed to running a screen saver)
Use power saver mode
D in power saver mode, the top item is not necessary, but screen savers use as much electricity as any normal processing, and the screen saver is not necessary on a flat panel display
Use hardware/software with the Energy Star label
ENERGY STAR
D Energy Star is a useal of approval" by the Energy organization of the government (the EPA)
Don't print unless necessary and you are ready
Use LCDs instead of CRTs as they are more power efficient
Ill Google Facts
According to a research done by the Harvard University, two search requests done on the search engine Google, produce as much carbon dioxide as boiling a kettle of water. Every time you do a search requests on Google, it produces 7 grams of CO2. A recent research, done by the research firm Gartner, claimed that IT causes 2 percent of global emissions nowadays. In total there are 200 million search requests done on Google every day, that's 1,400,000 kg of carbon dioxide every day. Google replied to this research by claiming that every search request would just produce 0,2 gram of carbon dioxide. And, if you do the maths, . that's just 40,000 kg of carbon dioxide every day.
Previously, it has been calculated that worldwide 8.3 megawatt hours could be saved, if the home page of Google would be black instead of white.
Blackle is a website powered by Google Custom Search, which aims to save energy by displaying a black background and using greyish-white font color for search results.
The concept behind Blackle is that computer monitors can be made to consume less energy by displaying much darker colors. Blackle is based on a study which tested a variety of CRT and LCD monitors. There is dispute over whether there really are any energy saving effects.
This concept was first brought to the attention of Heap Media ¦ by a blog post, which estimated that Google could save 750.0
megawatt-hours a year by utilizing it for CRT screens. The homepage of Blackle provides a count of the number of megawatt-hours that have been saved by enabling this concept.
I Blackle(2)
-How Blackle looks:
Print as little as possible. Review and modify documents on the screen and use print preview.
Recycle waste paper. Buy and use recycled paper in your printers and copiers.
On larger documents, use smaller font sizes (consistent with readability) to save paper.
Disposal
Consider that the average computer lifespan is about 2 years (cell phones < 2 years) D 10 years ago, the lifespan of a computer was 5 years D between 1997 and 2004, it is estimated that 315 million computers became obsolete (and were discarded, donated, or recycled) 183 million computers were sold in 2004 (674 million cell phones!) New users in China (178 million by 2010) and India (80 million by 2010) will require the creation of new computers Disposal of these devices constituted 20-50 million tons per year (about 5% of the total waste of the planet) D this waste is called e-waste D where are we going to put all of it
Europe has outlawed using landfills for computer ¦ components
D the US and Europe export a lot of e-waste to Asian landfills (especially China even though China has outlawed the importing of e-waste)
D in addition, incineration of computer components leads to air pollution and airborne toxins
Other Solutions
Reuse: donate your computer components to people who may not have or have lesser quality computers
D inner city schools, churches, libraries, third world countries
this however leads to the older computers being dumped but there is probably no way around this as eventually the older computers would be discarded anyway
Refurbish: rather than discarding your computer when the next generation is released, just get a new CPU and memory chips - upgrade rather than replace
D while you will still be discarded some components, you will retain most of the computer system (e.g., monitor, the system unit housing, cables)
Are there adequate incentives to do either of the above Do computer companies encourage refurbishing/upgrading
One More Solution: Recycling
If companies can recycle the plastics and other components, this reduce waste and toxins however, the raw materials in e-waste can harm the recycle in undeveloped a lot of the recycling chores are left up to unprotected children! Developed countries now have facility recycling e- waste however, in Europe, the plastics are discarded instead of recycled because the flame retardant chemicals are too toxic to work with To resolve these problems, the computer manufacturers must start using recyclable chemicals
Recycling
Recycling computing equipment can keep harmful materials such as lead, mercury, and hexavalent chromium out of landfills, but often computers gathered through recycling drives are shipped to developing countries where environmental standards are less strict than in North America and Europe. The Silicon Valley Toxics Coalition estimates that 80% of the post-consumer e-waste collected for recycling is shipped abroad to countries such as China, India, and Pakistan.
Computing supplies, such as printer cartridges, paper, and batteries may be recycled as well.
7.45 Nokia Scores top marks for leading competitors on toxic phase out.
7.1 Samsung Holds second position for commitment to reduce absolute
emissions.
6.5 Sony Ericsson Up two places with better product energy efficiency
reporting.
5.7 LG Electronics Up two places but needs to eliminate hazardous
chemicals from all products.
5.5 Toshiba Moves up two places with an extra point for promising to cut
GHGs.
5.5 Motorola Scores higher and climbs two places because of use of
renewable energy
¦ 5.3 Philips Falls from 4th to 7th position and needs to put its commitment
to responsible recycling policies into practice.
5.3 Sharp Rises from 9th to joint 7th place with its energy efficient
products.
4.9 Acer Put 16 new models of a monitor that are almost free of
hazardous chemicals and climbed two places from 11 to 9 but still need to sort out the power cord .
4.9 Panasonic Advance from 12th to 10th place for energy efficiency and
pvc free product range but still bad on e waste.
4.7 Apple Drop one position to 11th with no change in scores but get kudos for their green macbook
4.5 Sony Plunges from 5th to 12th place for inadequate commitments on eliminating hazardous chemicals, e waste policy and cutting
GHGs
3.9 Dell Stays at 13th place because of backtracking on toxics phase out
3.5 HP Is at 14th position and has no products on the market free of toxic substances
2.5 Microsoft Loses a point for a poor recycling policy but stays in 15th
position
2.5 Lenovo Down two places with no set timeline for toxics phase out on all products
2.4 Fujitsu Debuts second from last with no products that are free of hazardous chemicals
1 Nintendo Stays put in last position with a glimmer of hope with
partially pvc free consoles
Green computing can lead to a lot of energy savings, reduction in emission of co2 & CFC's which leads to environment protection.
It also leads to serious cost savings overtime.
[attachment=3520]
Presented By:
1. Mihir Pandya(366)
2. Chintan Patel(33i)
II AGENDA
• Why is it required
• Why go GREEN
• What is Green Computing
• Integrated Circuit
• Power Consumption
• Reducing energy consumption
• Facts
• Solutions
• Greenpeace Ratings Recycling
• Conclusion References
Today, the main problem of the world is Global warming. The atmosphere is becoming hot & is causing many problems to living organisms. Computers also play a major role in polluting the world.
o Climate Change: First and foremost, conclusive research shows that CO2 and other emissions are causing global climate and environmental damage. Preserving the planet is a valid goal because it aims to preserve life. Planets like ours, that supports life, are very rare. None of the planets in our solar system, or in nearby star systems have m-class planets as we know them.
o Savings: Green computing can lead to serious cost savings over time. Reductions in energy costs from servers, cooling, and lighting are generating serious savings for many corporations.
o Reliability of Power: As energy demands in the world go up, 1 energy supply is declining or flat. Energy efficient systems helps
• ensure healthy power systems. Also, more companies are generating more of their own electricity, which further motivates them to keep power consumption low.
o Computing: Computing Power Consumption has Reached a Critical Point: Data centers have run out of usable power and cooling due to high densities.
Ill What is Green Computing
Green computing or green IT, refer^to environmentally sustainable computing or IT. It is "the study and practice of designing, manufacturing, using, and disposing of computers, servers, and associated subsystemsâ€such as monitors, printers, storage devices, and networking and communications systemsâ€efficiently and effectively with minimal or no impact on the environment.
• In order to achieve sustainable computing, we need to rethink from a "Green Computing" perspective.
• GreenComputing:
• Maximize energy
• Reduce of the use of hazardous materials such as lead
• Maximize recyclability of both a defunct product and of any factory waste.
"Green Computing" in view of energy efficiency at the nanometer scale -design low power consumption integrated circuits at 180nm and below. A Perfect "Green Computing" Example A super low-power "processor": D 800x faster D 1000x more memory D 3000X less
Why
• computer energy is often wasteful
• leaving the computer on when not in use (CPU and fan consume power, screen savers consume power) printing is often wasteful
• how many of you print out your emails or meeting agendas
• printing out partial drafts
• for a "paperless" society, we tend to use more paper today than before computer-prevalence pollution manufacturing techniques
• packaging
• disposal of computers and components toxicity
as we will see, there are toxic chemicals used in the manufacturing of computers and components which can enter the food chain and water!
Ill Integrated Circuits are Everywhere
Ill Integrated Circuit Market
were
Six billion microcontroller shipped in 2004, predicted to by 10% each year from 2004-2009 (Instate Inc. market research)
Semiconductor annual revenue of estimated at US $211.4
2004 is billion.
Desktop consumption has reached 100 watts
Total Personal Computer(400 million) energy usage in 2000 = 26 nuclear power plants
Power is the bottleneck of improving the system performance
Power consumption is causing serious problems because of excessive heat.
As circuit speed increases, power consumption has been the issue grows
<D mand
/Mr
pplications demand long If I v« ) 11
Designing low power circuits most important
Low power consumption is listed as the second greatest challenge for the industry
U.S consumes 25% of world's energy
-Computer infrastructure accounts for 1.5% and growing.
-E-Waste is becoming a major problem
¦ Political, ethical and financial
imperative for schools
-Set an example for students and the community
Ill What can we do about power
Understand all levels of the computer
Understand where power is dissipated
Think about ways to reduce power usage
at all levels A
Ill Components that consume
power
Video Card
AfastGPU maybe the largestpower consumer in a computer.
Energyefficientdisplayoptions include:
No video card - use a shared terminal, shared thin client, or desktop sharing software ifdisplayrequired.
Use motherboard video output - typically low 3D performance and lowpower.
Select a GPU based on average wattage or performance per watt.
Display
LCD monitors typically use a cold-cathode fluorescent bulb to provide light for the display. Some newer displays use an array of light-emitting diodes (LEDs) in place of the fluorescent bulb, which reduces the amount of electricity used by the display
Ill Cont.
Operating system issues
Microsoft has been heavily criticised for producing operating systems that, out of the box, are not energy efficient. Due to Microsoft's dominance of the huge desktop operating system market this may have resulted in more energy waste than any other initiative by other vendors. Microsoft claim to have improved this in Vista, though the claim is disputed. This problem has been compounded because Windows versions before Vista did not allow power management features to be configured centrally by a system administrator. This has meant that most organisations have been unable to improve this situation.
Sun Datacenter 2006
10.5M kWh
10K tons of C02
WW Datacenters
290B kWh 200M tons of C02
200 M tons of CO2= CO2 produced by 40 million cars
Ill Cooling the Data Center
Current coolants: CFCs and HCFCs = Ozone Depletion
The other alternative coolant: HFC = increase in green house emission 1300 times (http://cs.virginia.edu/kim/c ourses/cs771/lectures/CS771-
22.ppt)
Moving Datacenters to exotic locations(Microsoft -> Cold Siberia, Sun -> underground)
1 Manufacturing - Fossil Fuels
Average desktop computer with monitor requires 10 times its weight in chemicals and fossil fuels to produce .
240 kg of fossil fuel for CRT monitor
(United Nations University).
266 kg of fossil fuel for LCD monitor (Williams, 2003).
Ill Manufacturing - Monitors
CRT - lead and zinc leachate mean monitors are
hazardous waste
(Lee etal., 2004)
Lead: bioavailable in soil - can attack proteins and DNA, as well as interfere with nervous system function (Bechara, 2004; Needleman, 2004)
LCD - 4-12 mg mercury /unit (Williams, 2003)
Liquid crystals - polycyclic or halogenated aromatic hydrocarbons, 588 different compounds
n 4% have potential for acute toxicity, but show no mutagenic effects in bacteria tests (Williams, 2003)
IE-waste Impacts
Energy Use of PCs
CPU uses 120 Watts
CRT uses 150 Watts
D 8 hours of usage, 5 days a week = 562 KWatts
if the computer is left on all the time without proper power saver modes, this can lead to 1,600 KWatts
D for a large institution, say a university of 40,000 students and faculty, the power bill for just computers can come to $2 million /year
Energy use comes from
D electrical current to run the CPU, motherboard, memory
D running the fan and spinning the disk(s)
D monitor (CRTs consume more power than any other computer component)
D printers
Reducing Energy Consumption
Turn offthe computer when not in use, even ifjust for an hour
Turn off the monitor when not in use (as opposed to running a screen saver)
Use power saver mode
D in power saver mode, the top item is not necessary, but screen savers use as much electricity as any normal processing, and the screen saver is not necessary on a flat panel display
Use hardware/software with the Energy Star label
ENERGY STAR
D Energy Star is a useal of approval" by the Energy organization of the government (the EPA)
Don't print unless necessary and you are ready
Use LCDs instead of CRTs as they are more power efficient
Ill Google Facts
According to a research done by the Harvard University, two search requests done on the search engine Google, produce as much carbon dioxide as boiling a kettle of water. Every time you do a search requests on Google, it produces 7 grams of CO2. A recent research, done by the research firm Gartner, claimed that IT causes 2 percent of global emissions nowadays. In total there are 200 million search requests done on Google every day, that's 1,400,000 kg of carbon dioxide every day. Google replied to this research by claiming that every search request would just produce 0,2 gram of carbon dioxide. And, if you do the maths, . that's just 40,000 kg of carbon dioxide every day.
Previously, it has been calculated that worldwide 8.3 megawatt hours could be saved, if the home page of Google would be black instead of white.
Blackle is a website powered by Google Custom Search, which aims to save energy by displaying a black background and using greyish-white font color for search results.
The concept behind Blackle is that computer monitors can be made to consume less energy by displaying much darker colors. Blackle is based on a study which tested a variety of CRT and LCD monitors. There is dispute over whether there really are any energy saving effects.
This concept was first brought to the attention of Heap Media ¦ by a blog post, which estimated that Google could save 750.0
megawatt-hours a year by utilizing it for CRT screens. The homepage of Blackle provides a count of the number of megawatt-hours that have been saved by enabling this concept.
I Blackle(2)
-How Blackle looks:
Print as little as possible. Review and modify documents on the screen and use print preview.
Recycle waste paper. Buy and use recycled paper in your printers and copiers.
On larger documents, use smaller font sizes (consistent with readability) to save paper.
Disposal
Consider that the average computer lifespan is about 2 years (cell phones < 2 years) D 10 years ago, the lifespan of a computer was 5 years D between 1997 and 2004, it is estimated that 315 million computers became obsolete (and were discarded, donated, or recycled) 183 million computers were sold in 2004 (674 million cell phones!) New users in China (178 million by 2010) and India (80 million by 2010) will require the creation of new computers Disposal of these devices constituted 20-50 million tons per year (about 5% of the total waste of the planet) D this waste is called e-waste D where are we going to put all of it
Europe has outlawed using landfills for computer ¦ components
D the US and Europe export a lot of e-waste to Asian landfills (especially China even though China has outlawed the importing of e-waste)
D in addition, incineration of computer components leads to air pollution and airborne toxins
Other Solutions
Reuse: donate your computer components to people who may not have or have lesser quality computers
D inner city schools, churches, libraries, third world countries
this however leads to the older computers being dumped but there is probably no way around this as eventually the older computers would be discarded anyway
Refurbish: rather than discarding your computer when the next generation is released, just get a new CPU and memory chips - upgrade rather than replace
D while you will still be discarded some components, you will retain most of the computer system (e.g., monitor, the system unit housing, cables)
Are there adequate incentives to do either of the above Do computer companies encourage refurbishing/upgrading
One More Solution: Recycling
If companies can recycle the plastics and other components, this reduce waste and toxins however, the raw materials in e-waste can harm the recycle in undeveloped a lot of the recycling chores are left up to unprotected children! Developed countries now have facility recycling e- waste however, in Europe, the plastics are discarded instead of recycled because the flame retardant chemicals are too toxic to work with To resolve these problems, the computer manufacturers must start using recyclable chemicals
Recycling
Recycling computing equipment can keep harmful materials such as lead, mercury, and hexavalent chromium out of landfills, but often computers gathered through recycling drives are shipped to developing countries where environmental standards are less strict than in North America and Europe. The Silicon Valley Toxics Coalition estimates that 80% of the post-consumer e-waste collected for recycling is shipped abroad to countries such as China, India, and Pakistan.
Computing supplies, such as printer cartridges, paper, and batteries may be recycled as well.
7.45 Nokia Scores top marks for leading competitors on toxic phase out.
7.1 Samsung Holds second position for commitment to reduce absolute
emissions.
6.5 Sony Ericsson Up two places with better product energy efficiency
reporting.
5.7 LG Electronics Up two places but needs to eliminate hazardous
chemicals from all products.
5.5 Toshiba Moves up two places with an extra point for promising to cut
GHGs.
5.5 Motorola Scores higher and climbs two places because of use of
renewable energy
¦ 5.3 Philips Falls from 4th to 7th position and needs to put its commitment
to responsible recycling policies into practice.
5.3 Sharp Rises from 9th to joint 7th place with its energy efficient
products.
4.9 Acer Put 16 new models of a monitor that are almost free of
hazardous chemicals and climbed two places from 11 to 9 but still need to sort out the power cord .
4.9 Panasonic Advance from 12th to 10th place for energy efficiency and
pvc free product range but still bad on e waste.
4.7 Apple Drop one position to 11th with no change in scores but get kudos for their green macbook
4.5 Sony Plunges from 5th to 12th place for inadequate commitments on eliminating hazardous chemicals, e waste policy and cutting
GHGs
3.9 Dell Stays at 13th place because of backtracking on toxics phase out
3.5 HP Is at 14th position and has no products on the market free of toxic substances
2.5 Microsoft Loses a point for a poor recycling policy but stays in 15th
position
2.5 Lenovo Down two places with no set timeline for toxics phase out on all products
2.4 Fujitsu Debuts second from last with no products that are free of hazardous chemicals
1 Nintendo Stays put in last position with a glimmer of hope with
partially pvc free consoles
Green computing can lead to a lot of energy savings, reduction in emission of co2 & CFC's which leads to environment protection.
It also leads to serious cost savings overtime.
