25-04-2010, 12:01 PM
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What is a Biosensor
A biosensor is a self-contained integrated device thai is capable of providing specific quantitative or semi-quantitative analytical information using a biological recognition element which is in direct spatial contact with a transduction element (IUPAC, 1996)
"Biosensor" - Any device that uses specific biochemical reactions to detect chemical compounds in biological samples.
Current Definition
A sensor that integrates a biological element with a physiochemical transducer to produce an electronic signal proportional to a single analyte which is then conveyed to a detector.
History of Biosensors
†1916 First report on immobilization of proteins : adsorption of invertase on activated charcoal
†1922 First glass pH electrode
†1956 Clark published his definitive paper on the oxygen
electrode.
â€
1962
First description of a biosensor: an amperometric e electrodre for glucose (Clark)
â€
1969
Guilbault and M ontalvo - First potentiometric biosensor:urease immobilized on an ammonia electrode to detect urea
â€
1970
Bergveld - ion selective Field Effect Transistor (ISFET)
cribed a fibre-optic sensor with immobilised ioxide or oxygen.
†1975 First commercial biosensor ( Yellow springs Instruments glucose biosensor)
†1975 First microbe based biosensor, First immunosensor
†1976 First bedside artificial pancreas (Miles)
†1980 First fibre optic pH sensor for in vivo blood gases
(Peterson)
†1982 First fibre optic-based biosensor for glucose
†1983 First surface plasmon resonance (SPR)
immunosensor
†1984 First mediated amperometric biosensor:
1987
ExacTech
ferrocene used with glucose oxidase for glucose
Blood-glucose biosensor launched by
1990 SPR based biosensor by Pharmacia BIACore
1992 Hand held blood biosensor by i-STAT
1996 Launching of Glucocard
1998 Blood glucose biosenso r launch by LifeScan
1998 Roche Diagnostics by Merger of Roche and
Boehringer mannheim
detection MediSense
FastTake
Current
Quantom dots, nanoparicles, nanowire,
nanotube, etc
Basic Characteristics of a Biosensor
For the
2. SENSITIVITY
concentration.
Value of the electrode response per
substrate
3. SELECTIVITY Chemicals Interference must be
obtaining the correct result.
minimised for
4.RESPONSE TIME
response.
Time necessary for having 95%
of the
Biosensor
1. The Analyte (What do you want to detect)
Molecule - Protein, toxin, peptide, vitamin, sugar, metal ion
2. Sample handling (How to deliver the analyte to the sensitive region)
(Micro) fluidics - Concentration increase/decrease), Filtration/selection
\
Biosensor
3. Detection/Recognition (How do you specifically recognize the analyte)
4. Signal
Typical Sensing Techniques for Biosensors ¢/ Fluorescence ¢/ DNA Microarray
¢ SPR Surface plasmon resonance
¢ Impedance spectroscopy
¢ SPM (Scanning probe microscopy, AFM, STM)
¢ QCM (Quartz crystal microbalance)
¢ SERS (Surface Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy)
¢ Electrochemical
Types of Biosensors
1. Calorimetric Biosensor
2. Potentiometric Biosensor
3. Amperometric Biosensor
4. Optical Biosensor
5. Piezo-electric Biosensor
Piezo-Electric Biosensors
ct the specific angle at which electron waves are d to laser light or crystals, such as quartz, which vibrate under the influence of an electric field.
Electrochemical Biosensors
¢ For applied current: Movement of e- in redox reactions detected when a potential is applied between two electrodes.
Potentiometric Biosensor
†For voltage: Change in distribution of charge is detected using ion-selective electrodes, such as pH-meters.
Optical Biosensors
¢ Colorimetric for color Measure change in light adsorption
¢ Photometric for light intensity
Photon output for a luminescent or fluorescent process can be detected with photomultiplier tubes or photodiode systems.
Calorimetric Biosensors
If the enzyme catalyzed reaction is exothermic, two thermistors may be used to
the analyte concentration.
Electrochemical DNA Biosensor
¦ Steps involved in electrochemical DNA hybridization biosensors:
¦ Formation of the DNA recognition layer
¦ Actual hybridization event
¦ Transformation of the hybridization event into an electrical signal
DNA biosensor
Motivated by the application to clinical diagnosis and genome mutation detection
Types DNA Biosensors
†Electrodes
†Chips
†Crystals
Biosensors on the Nanoscale
Molecular sheaths around the nanotube are developed that respond to a particular chemical and modulate the nanotube's optical properties.
In a nanoelectrode react with low-concentration lect). Doctors can use to diagnose diseases at earlier
stages.
Nanosphere lithography (NSL) derived triangular Ag nanoparticles are used to detect streptavidin down to one picomolar concentrations.
The School of Biomedical Engineering has developed an anti- body based
piezoelectric nanobiosenso r to be used for anthrax,HIV hepatitis detection.
Application of Biosensor
Food Analysis
Study of biomolecules and their interaction
Drug Development
Crime detection
Medical diagnosis (both clinical and laboratory use)
Environmental field monitoring
Quality control
Industrial Process Control
Detection systems for biological warfare agents
Manufacturing of pharmaceuticals and replacement organs
What is a Biosensor
A biosensor is a self-contained integrated device thai is capable of providing specific quantitative or semi-quantitative analytical information using a biological recognition element which is in direct spatial contact with a transduction element (IUPAC, 1996)
"Biosensor" - Any device that uses specific biochemical reactions to detect chemical compounds in biological samples.
Current Definition
A sensor that integrates a biological element with a physiochemical transducer to produce an electronic signal proportional to a single analyte which is then conveyed to a detector.
History of Biosensors
†1916 First report on immobilization of proteins : adsorption of invertase on activated charcoal
†1922 First glass pH electrode
†1956 Clark published his definitive paper on the oxygen
electrode.
â€
1962
First description of a biosensor: an amperometric e electrodre for glucose (Clark)
â€
1969
Guilbault and M ontalvo - First potentiometric biosensor:urease immobilized on an ammonia electrode to detect urea
â€
1970
Bergveld - ion selective Field Effect Transistor (ISFET)
cribed a fibre-optic sensor with immobilised ioxide or oxygen.
†1975 First commercial biosensor ( Yellow springs Instruments glucose biosensor)
†1975 First microbe based biosensor, First immunosensor
†1976 First bedside artificial pancreas (Miles)
†1980 First fibre optic pH sensor for in vivo blood gases
(Peterson)
†1982 First fibre optic-based biosensor for glucose
†1983 First surface plasmon resonance (SPR)
immunosensor
†1984 First mediated amperometric biosensor:
1987
ExacTech
ferrocene used with glucose oxidase for glucose
Blood-glucose biosensor launched by
1990 SPR based biosensor by Pharmacia BIACore
1992 Hand held blood biosensor by i-STAT
1996 Launching of Glucocard
1998 Blood glucose biosenso r launch by LifeScan
1998 Roche Diagnostics by Merger of Roche and
Boehringer mannheim
detection MediSense
FastTake
Current
Quantom dots, nanoparicles, nanowire,
nanotube, etc
Basic Characteristics of a Biosensor
For the
2. SENSITIVITY
concentration.
Value of the electrode response per
substrate
3. SELECTIVITY Chemicals Interference must be
obtaining the correct result.
minimised for
4.RESPONSE TIME
response.
Time necessary for having 95%
of the
Biosensor
1. The Analyte (What do you want to detect)
Molecule - Protein, toxin, peptide, vitamin, sugar, metal ion
2. Sample handling (How to deliver the analyte to the sensitive region)
(Micro) fluidics - Concentration increase/decrease), Filtration/selection
\
Biosensor
3. Detection/Recognition (How do you specifically recognize the analyte)
4. Signal
Typical Sensing Techniques for Biosensors ¢/ Fluorescence ¢/ DNA Microarray
¢ SPR Surface plasmon resonance
¢ Impedance spectroscopy
¢ SPM (Scanning probe microscopy, AFM, STM)
¢ QCM (Quartz crystal microbalance)
¢ SERS (Surface Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy)
¢ Electrochemical
Types of Biosensors
1. Calorimetric Biosensor
2. Potentiometric Biosensor
3. Amperometric Biosensor
4. Optical Biosensor
5. Piezo-electric Biosensor
Piezo-Electric Biosensors
ct the specific angle at which electron waves are d to laser light or crystals, such as quartz, which vibrate under the influence of an electric field.
Electrochemical Biosensors
¢ For applied current: Movement of e- in redox reactions detected when a potential is applied between two electrodes.
Potentiometric Biosensor
†For voltage: Change in distribution of charge is detected using ion-selective electrodes, such as pH-meters.
Optical Biosensors
¢ Colorimetric for color Measure change in light adsorption
¢ Photometric for light intensity
Photon output for a luminescent or fluorescent process can be detected with photomultiplier tubes or photodiode systems.
Calorimetric Biosensors
If the enzyme catalyzed reaction is exothermic, two thermistors may be used to
the analyte concentration.
Electrochemical DNA Biosensor
¦ Steps involved in electrochemical DNA hybridization biosensors:
¦ Formation of the DNA recognition layer
¦ Actual hybridization event
¦ Transformation of the hybridization event into an electrical signal
DNA biosensor
Motivated by the application to clinical diagnosis and genome mutation detection
Types DNA Biosensors
†Electrodes
†Chips
†Crystals
Biosensors on the Nanoscale
Molecular sheaths around the nanotube are developed that respond to a particular chemical and modulate the nanotube's optical properties.
In a nanoelectrode react with low-concentration lect). Doctors can use to diagnose diseases at earlier
stages.
Nanosphere lithography (NSL) derived triangular Ag nanoparticles are used to detect streptavidin down to one picomolar concentrations.
The School of Biomedical Engineering has developed an anti- body based
piezoelectric nanobiosenso r to be used for anthrax,HIV hepatitis detection.
Application of Biosensor
Food Analysis
Study of biomolecules and their interaction
Drug Development
Crime detection
Medical diagnosis (both clinical and laboratory use)
Environmental field monitoring
Quality control
Industrial Process Control
Detection systems for biological warfare agents
Manufacturing of pharmaceuticals and replacement organs
