14-03-2010, 10:27 PM
Artificial intelligence
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Artificial intelligence
Artificial Intelligence (AI) is the area of computer science focusing on creating machines that can engage on behaviors that humans consider intelligent.
Its task is using computers to understand human intelligence.
ability to achieve goals in the world.
Varying kinds and degrees of intelligence occur in people, many animals and some machines.
Submitted By:
Mahajan Nikhil P.
Nirma University
When did AI research start
After WWII, the English mathematician Alan Turing may have been the first. He gave a lecture on it in 1947.
He also may have been the first to decide that AI was best researched by programming computers rather than by building machines.
By the late 1950s, there were many researchers on AI, on programming computer.
The branch of computer science concerned with making computers behave like humans. The term was coined in 1956 by John McCarthy at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology.
HISTORY
1950-1960
¢ draughts-playing program written by Christopher Strachey and a chess-playing program written by Dietrich Prinz.
1960-1970
¢ 1960s and 1970s Marvin Minsky and Seymour Papert publish Perceptrons, demonstrating limits of simple neural nets and Alain Colmerauer developed the Prolog computer language.
1980 onwards
¢ In 1974 Paul John Werbos describe algorithm
for ai programming.
¢ Deep Blue, a chess-playing computer, beat Garry Kasparov in a famous six-game match in 1997.
Overview of Artificial Intelligence(1)
Artificial intelligence systems
¢ The people, procedures, hardware, software, data, and knowledge needed to develop computer systems and machines that demonstrate the characteristics of intelligence
Intelligent behavior
¢ Learn from experience
¢ Apply knowledge acquired from experience
¢ Handle complex situations
¢ Solve problems when important information is missing
¢ Determine what is important
¢ React quickly and correctly to a new situation
¢ Understand visual images
¢ Process and manipulate symbols
¢ Be creative and imaginative
Branches of AI (1)
Perceptive system
¢ A system that approximates the way a human sees, hears, and feels objects
Vision system
¢ Capture, store, and manipulate visual images and pictures
Robotics
¢ Mechanical and computer devices that perform tedious tasks with high precision
Expert system
¢ Stores knowledge and makes inferences
Learning system
¢ Computer changes how it functions or reacts to situations based on feedback
Natural language processing
¢ Computers understand and react to statements and commands made in a natural language, such as English
Neural network
¢ Computer system that can act like or simulate the functioning of the human brain
What should we study before or while learning AI
Study mathematics, especially mathematical logic.
study psychology and the physiology of the nervous system
C, Lisp and Prolog
good idea to learn one basic machine language
C++ and Java
Application of ai
games playing: programming computers to
play games such as chess and checkers.
expert systems : programming computers to make decisions in real-life situations (for example, some expert systems help doctors diagnose diseases based on symptoms)
natural language : programming computers to understand natural human languages.
neural networks : Systems that simulate intelligence by attempting to reproduce the types of physical connections that occur in animal brains
robotics : programming computers to see and hear and react to other sensory stimuli
Isn't AI about simulating human intelligence
Not always, machines solve problems by observing other people or just by observing our own methods.
most work in AI involves studying the problems the world presents to intelligence rather than studying people or animals.
What is the Turing test
Alan Turing's 1950 article Computing Machinery and Intelligence discussed conditions for considering a machine to be intelligent.
The Turing test is a one-sided test. A machine that passes the test should certainly be considered intelligent, but a machine could still be considered intelligent without knowing enough about humans to imitate a human.
What about IQ Do computer programs have IQs
No. IQ is based on the rates at which intelligence develops in children. It is the ratio of the age at which a child normally makes a certain score to the child's age.
But, computers that can score high on IQ tests would be weakly correlated with their usefulness.
ASIMO IN DIFFERENT ECTIVITY
ASIMO is a humanoid robot created by Honda Motor Company
ASIMO USES 802.11 wireless technologies
ASIMO
ASIMO is not an autonomous robot. It can't enter a room and make decisions on its own about how to navigate. ASIMO either has to be programmed to do a specific job in a specific area that has markers that it understands, or it has to be manually controlled by a human.
ASIMO can be controlled by four
methods:
I. PC
II. Wireless controller
(sort of like a joystick)
I. Gestures
II. Voice commands
Uses of asimo
ASIMO can do with people:
¢ execute functions appropriately based on the user's customer data;
¢ greet visitors, informing personnel of the visitor's arrival by transmitting messages and pictures of the visitor's face;
¢ guide visitors to a predetermined location, etc.
ASIMO can do in networking:
¢ Accessing information via the Internet, ASIMO can become a provider of news and weather updates, for example, ready to answer people's questions, etc.
comparisons between human and computer intelligence
Human
Speed, short term memory, and the ability to form accurate and retrievable long term memories.
Computer
Computer programs have plenty of speed and memory but their abilities correspond to the intellectual mechanisms that program designers understand well enough to put in programs.
Uses of ai in our world(1)
Robotics
Credit granting
Information management and retrieval
AI and expert systems embedded in products
Hospitals and medical facilities
Help desks and assistance
Employee performance evaluation
Loan analysis
Virus detection
Marketing
Repair and maintenance
Gamming
organizations and publications are concerned with AI(1)
The American Association for Artificial Intelligence (AAAI), the European Coordinating Committee for Artificial Intelligence (ECCAI) and the Society for Artificial Intelligence and Simulation of Behavior (AISB) are scientific societies concerned with AI research. The Association for Computing Machinery (ACM) has a special interest group on artificial intelligence SIGART.
The International Joint Conference on AI (IJCAI) is the main international conference. The AAAI runs a US National Conference on AI. Electronic Transactions on Artificial Intelligence, Artificial Intelligence, and Journal of Artificial Intelligence Research, and IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence are four of the main journals publishing AI research papers.
