Wireless Power Transmission for Solar Power Satellites
#1

Presented By:
B.Ravindra Reddy

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Wireless Power Transmission for Solar Power Satellites
Background

 1899-1990
Nikola Tesla
 1856-1943
 Innovations:
– Alternating current
– Wireless power transmission experiments at Wardenclyffe
 Wardenclyffe
 1899
– Able to light lamps over 25 miles away without using wires
– High frequency current, of a Tesla coil, could light lamps filled with gas (like neon)
 1940’s to Present
 World War II developed ability to convert energy to microwaves using a magnetron, no method for converting microwaves back to electricity
 1964 William C. Brown demonstrated a rectenna which could convert microwave power to electricity
Brief History of Solar Power
 1940-50’s Development of the Photovoltaic cell
 1958 First US Satellite that used Solar Power
 1970’s Oil embargo brought increased interest and study
Details of the DOE Study
 Construct the satellites in space
– Each SPS would have 400 million solar cells
 Use the Space Shuttle to get pieces to a low orbit station
 Tow pieces to the assembly point using a purpose built space tug (similar to space shuttle)
Advantages over Earth based solar power
 More intense sunlight
 In geosynchronous orbit, 36,000 km (22,369 miles) an SPS would be illuminated over 99% of the time
 No need for costly storage devices for when the sun is not in view.
 Waste heat is radiated back into space
 No air or water pollution is created during generation
 Problems
 Issues identified during the DOE study
– Complexity—30 years to complete
– Size—6.5 miles long by 3.3 miles wide
 Transmitting antenna ½ mile in diameter(1 km)
 Continued
 Cost—prototype would have cost $74 billion
Microwave transmission
– Interference with other electronic devices
– Health and environmental effects
 1980’s to Present
 Japanese continued to study the idea of SPS throughout the 1980’s
 In 1995 NASA began a Fresh Look Study
– Set up a research, technology, and investment schedule
 NASA Fresh Look Report
 SPS could be competitive with other energy sources and deserves further study
 Research aimed at an SPS system of 250 MW
 Would cost around $10 billion and take 20 years
 National Research Council found the research worthwhile but under funded to achieve its goals
Deployment Issues
 Cost of transporting materials into space
 Construction of satellite
– Space Walks
 Maintenance
– Routine
– Meteor impacts
 Microwave Power Transmission
How the power gets to Earth
 From the Satellite
 Solar power from the satellite is sent to Earth using a microwave transmitter
 Received at a “rectenna” located on Earth
 Recent developments suggest that power could be sent to Earth using a laser
Microwave vs. Laser Transmission
 Microwave
– More developed
– High efficiency up to 85%
– Beams is far below the lethal levels of concentration even for a prolonged exposure
– Cause interference with satellite communication industry
 Laser
– Recently developed solid state lasers allow efficient transfer of power
– Range of 10% to 20% efficiency within a few years
– Conform to limits on eye and skin damage
Rectenna
“An antenna comprising a mesh of dipoles and diodes for absorbing microwave energy from a transmitter and converting it into electric power.”
 Microwaves are received with about 85% efficiency
 Around 5km across (3.1 miles)
 95% of the beam will fall on the rectenna
 Current Developments
 Details
 Project in Development in Japan
 Goal is to build a low cost demonstration model by 2025
 8 Countries along the equator have agreed to be the site of a rectenna
Power to Mobile Devices
 If microwave beams carrying power could be beamed uniformly over the earth they could power cell phones
 Biggest problem is that the antenna would have to be 25-30 cm square
Issues
 Would require a network of hundreds of satellites
– Air Force currently track 8500 man made objects in space, 7% satellites
 Would make telecommunications companies into power companies
Reliability
 Ground based solar only works during clear days, and must have storage for night
 Power can be beamed to the location where it is needed, don’t have to invest in as large a grid
 A network of low orbit satellites could provide power to almost any point on Earth continuously because one satellite would always be in range
Conclusions
 More reliable than ground based solar power
 In order for SPS to become a reality it several things have to happen:
– Government support
– Cheaper launch prices
– Involvement of the private sector
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