WIND TUNNELS IN AEROSPACE AND AUTOMOBILE INDUSTRIES
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PRESENTED BY,
DOOGE

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SEMINAR ON APPLICATIONS OF WIND TUNNELS IN AEROSPACE AND AUTOMOBILE INDUSTRIES.
WHAT ARE WIND TUNNELS ?

 Wind tunnels are research tools developed to assist with studying the effects of air moving over or around solid objects .
 This study requires taking into account the Reynolds number and the Mach number.
PARAMETERS AFFECTING AN AIRPLANE
 Gravity pulls the plane down toward the ground.
 Lift pulls the plane up .
 Thrust moves the plane forward.
 Drag pushes the plane backwards.
BASIC PARTS OF MODERN OPEN WIND TUNNEL
BASIC PARTS OF CLOSED WIND TUNNEL
WORKING OF WIND TUNNEL

 As air enters the settling chamber it Contains a honeycomb flow straightener to generate a smooth air flow.
 The purpose of the contraction cone is to take a large volume of low-velocity air and reduce it to a small volume of high-velocity air.
 the air enters the test section and is brought to the desired velocity.
 The shape of the diffuser causes the air to slow down prior to exhausting or recirculating.
 The final section of the wind tunnel is called the drive section. This section provides the force that drives the air through the tunnel.
TYPES OF WIND TUNNELS
 Basic architecture (open-circuit, closed-circuit).
 According to their speed (subsonic, transonic, supersonic, hypersonic).
 According to the air pressure (atmospheric, variable- density), or their size (ordinary ones or full-scale).
 Open-loop = The air comes through one end and flows out another.
 Closed-loop = The air is not released, but is recirculated through the tunnel.
 Subsonic = speeds slower than the speed of sound.
 Transonic = speeds between Mach 0 .7 and 1.1.
 Supersonic = speeds faster than the speed of sound Mach 1 to 4.
 Hypersonic = Speeds at or faster than Mach 5.
 Refrigerated = Colder than most, used to test for the effects of icing on aircraft performance.
 Full-sized = Can fit a full size aircraft model into its test section.
 Scale-sized = Is designed for use by scale models (much smaller in size than the real thing). Usually used to test high speed flight.
Need for Wind Tunnels
 Basic Needs; Safety, Economics and Education
 Proof of design prior to test flight which puts life and prototype at risk
 Education, “hands on” learning and observation of fluids (modeling can only be as accurate as one’s perception and understanding of nature)
 Flows around complex structures are presently difficult to model with CFD. Scaled model wind tunnel testing is comparatively easy to setup and research
 Scaled testing is more economic than full size testing simply because a full size capable wind tunnel is a few orders of magnitude more expensive than a scaled wind tunnel (simultaneity with Reynolds numbers)
 9’ x 15’ Low Speed Wind Tunnel at NASA Glenn Research Center
Characteristics and Performance
 Test Section Size: 9 ft high by 15 ft wide by 28 ft long
 Mach Number Range: 0 to 0.2
 Fan Drive Rigs: 1000, 2000, and 5000 shp
 1024 channel pressure measurement system
 Flow Visualization
 Pressure sensitive paint
 Both conventional and focused Schlerien systems
 Sheet laser
 Oil flow visualization
 High speed video - up to 1000 full screen frames/s
 Remote Access Control Room
 Real-time remote access to all data
 Online calibration
 Video conferencing in real time
 Workstations supplied for remote site
 Secure network connections provided
WIND TUNNEL APPLICATION IN RACING AERODYNAMICS
Design Objectives
 Increase Down force.
 Reduce Drag.
 Development Tools
 On-Road Testing.
 Full Scale Wind Tunnel.
 Scale Model Wind Tunnel.
 Computational Fluid Dynamics.
Full Scale Wind Tunnel
Pros:
 Controlled environment
 Minimal setup time
 Minimal setup cost
 High test speed (up to 200 mph)
 Good for radiator flow work
 Flow visualization
Cons
 Expensive facility costs (approx. $1800/hr)
 Expensive to produce test parts
 Limited application for ground effects cars
Scale Model Wind Tunnel
Pros:
 Controlled environment
 Good ground effect simulation
 Quick ride height mapping
 Flow visualization
 Less expensive test parts production
Cons
 Expensive facility costs (approx. $1100/hr)
 High initial costs (vehicle scan, model production)
 Long lead-time for initial test
 Reynolds's number effects
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