10-01-2012, 10:15 AM
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE
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2. INTRODUCTION:
Artificial Intelligence (also known as machine intelligence and often abbreviated as AI) is intelligence exhibited by any manufactured (i.e. artificial) system. The term is often applied to general purpose computers and also in the field of scientific investigation into the theory and practical application of AI. "AI" the term is often used in works of science fiction to refer to that which exhibits artificial intelligence as well, as in "the AI" referring to a singular discrete or distributed mechanism. Modern AI research is concerned with producing useful machines to automate human tasks requiring intelligent behavior. Examples include: scheduling resources such as military units, answering questions about products for customers, understanding and transcribing speech, and recognizing faces in CCTV cameras. As such, it has become an engineering discipline, focused on providing solutions to practical problems. AI methods were used to schedule units in the first Gulf War, and the costs saved by this efficiency have repaid the US government's entire investment in AI research since the 1950s. AI systems are now in routine use in many businesses, hospitals and military units around the world, as well as built into common home computer software such as Microsoft Office and video games.
3. HISTORY:
The name “Artificial Intelligence” dates only to the 1950's, but its roots stretch back thousands of years, into the earliest studies of the nature of knowledge and reasoning. George Boole developed a binary algebra (Boolean algebra) representing (some) "laws of thought." Charles Babbage & Ada Lovelace worked on programmable mechanical calculating machines.
The man widely acknowledged as the father of computer science and AI, Alan Turing, published "Computing Machinery and Intelligence" (1950). That paper proposed an operational test for comparing the intellectual ability of humans and AI systems, now generally called the ``Turing Test.'' In the Turing Test, a judge uses a teletype to communicate with two players in other rooms: a person and a computer.
