waterfall model for airline reservation system
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i would like to get details on waterfall model for airline reservation system
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#2
1. INTRODUCTION

This project on Airline Management System is the automation of registration process of airline system. The system is able to provide much information like passenger’s information, criminal’s, list of all passengers etc. The system also allows us to add records when a passenger reserves a ticket. For data storage and retrieval we use the file-handling facility of C Language. It enables us to add any number of records in our database. But for intrinsic nature of file handling, the retrieval process is slow when we
Search a particular record in the database, because record is searched sequentially.

1.1 About Project
The project named “Airline Management System” is written in Turbo C++ IDE3.0, mainly because of it’s suitability for this type of application. Its user friendly nature and in-built documentation, complication, error detection, binding facilities and interaction with other software packages make it most powerful tool for software development. Moreover .Turbo C++ consists of all the technologies that help in creating and running robust, scalable and distributed packages.C++ is a general-purpose object-oriented programming language, and is intended to be an improved C with object capabilities
Assistance is provided to the user at each and every step so that no problem is faced during using it. Further the details of every process and the user manuals attached in the report make it very easy to understand. Every possible care has been taken to make the software and the report clear, simple and error free which makes it so special and one of its kind.


1.2 Objectives of the Project
 .To provide some amount of automation in airlines mangement.
 .To help airlines system in making their business more efficient.
 . An added attraction for their potential customers.
 . It will also show the attitute of the management that they are aware to the newly
introduced technology and ready to adopt them.


1.3 Purpose of the project

Electronically handling of flight’s record to enhance the accuracy, flexibility,
reliability and to remove the human’s error.
• An airline provides air transport services for passengers, generally with a recognized
operating
• To provide accurate information about the addition, deletion and modified movie’s
record.
• To provide, efficient, accurate, reliable, fast, and robust structure that can handle any
number of passenger’s transactions.









1.4 SCOPE OF THE PROJECT

This project on Airline Management System is the automation of registration process of airlines system. The system is able to provide much information like passenger’s information, criminal’s, list of all passengers etc.

The system also allows us to add records when a passenger reserves a ticket.

For data storage and retrieval we use the file-handling facility of C Language. It enables us to add any number of records in our database. But for intrinsic nature of file handling, the retrieval process is slow when we search a particular record in the database, because record is searched sequentially.

Need of Computerisation

A few factors that directs us to develop a new system are given below -:
1) Faster System
2) Accuracy
3) Reliability
4) Informative
5) Reservations and cancellations from any where to any place










1.5 PROJECT OVERVIEW

 Database and database systems have become an essential component of everyday life
in modern society. In the course of a day, most of us encounter several activities that
involve some interaction with the database. For example, if we go to the bank to
deposit or withdraw funds or if we make a Hotel or Airline Reservation, chances are
that our activities will involve someone accessing a database.
 The above interactions are examples of what we may call traditional database
applications, where most of the application that is stored and accessed is either textual
or numeric. In our project we will concentrate on this aspect of computer application.
 There are several ways to implement databases. Some of them are file handling
mechanism, relational database, object-relational database or object-oriented
databases. In our project we will use file-handling feature provided by C++ Language.
 This program shows you an insight into the management process of reservation in
Airline Management system. The whole process of Airline Management System is
shown with the help of this project. It provides facility to add/Modify/Delete/search
Airline Management details. and provide facility to view the list of Team .
 Facility to view the list of Team .













2. PROBLEM SELECTION

1. Before making this application, we assumed that an airline which had recently started
its operation found it very difficult to handle their customers.
2. It was due to their great customer service and efficient handling of daily operations
that they customer base started growing and in a day, they started to handle lot of
customer requests. The problem is that in manual airline record keeping system,
excessive staff employment is required, extremely time consuming process is
involved, inconveniences to both customers as well as to the manager.
3. Slowly & slowly the count of such customers started to grow very rapidly and the
airline employees had to devote their maximum time in handling such customers.
4. Slowly, an airline started loosing its important or gold customers due to poor response
times by the employees and they even started loosing those customers whose requests
could not be fulfilled.
5. After this, the management decided to install a system that can effectively &
efficiently service the request of such customers and can the corresponding work of
its employees who were overburdened with such tasks.
6. This action was a step towards serving important or fresh customers with a minimum
possible and improve the response times & efficiency of an airline employees.

Objective of this software is to simplify the employee record using computers

2.1 Existing System:
The system is very time consuming and lazy. This system is more prone to errors and sometimes the approach to various problems is unstructured.
If any old data or information is to be fetched then it is a great problem for user to get the information in short span of time as to get information from files is not an easy task.
As everything is done manually, so if any record is misplaced then agency has to take full responsibility.


Limitation of existing system:
The earlier experiences have shown that manual monitoring of employee enquiries about their loans, conveyance, etc. Often fails to achieve the desired targets, mainly because of the following reasons:
 Much time required in giving correct information.
 Less reliability and maintainability of data.
 Secrecy of information may not be maintained due to visible facts on paper.
 Manual procedure of providing information is not reliable.

Every manager faces lot of minor & major problems like:
 Maintaining database.
 Record entry.
 Searching duplicate records.
 Searching & updating records.

An object oriented system draws upon class definitions that are derived from the analysis model. Some of the definitions will have to be built from scratch but many other can be reused if appropriate design patterns are recognized. Object oriented design establishes a design blueprint that enables a software engineer to the object oriented architecture in a manner that maximized reuse, thereby improving development speed and product quality.
The four layers of object oriented design are:
 The Subsystem Layer: It represents each of the sub systems It represents each of the subsystems that enable the software to achieve its user-defined requirements and to implement the technical infrastructure.
 The Class and Object Layer: It contains the class hierarchies that enable the system to be created using generalizations and increasingly more targeted specializations.
 The Message Layer: It contains the design details that enable each object to communicate with its collaborators. This layer establishes internal and external interfaces for the software.
 The Responsibility Layer: It contains the data structure and algorithmic design for all attributes and operations for each object. Monitoring system activity and server performance is a necessary part of preventive maintenance for the server. Through monitoring, you obtain data that u can use to diagnose system problems, plan growth and trouble shoot problems. You can use the monitoring and status tool, diagnostic logging, extended logging and queue viewer to keep the data up-to-date.

2.2 Proposed System:

The proposed system is computer based, user friendly, and easy to maintain. It makes safely storing of records easy and for a very long period of time. It would significantly improve the quality of work in the airport. The time spent in processing the above mentioned queries would significantly reduce. The proposed system provides free, easy and efficient management of the day-to-day activities of the passenger’s in airline so that the manual work can be reduced and even minute details can be accessed easily.



















3. PROJECT MONITORING SYSTEM

3.1 Module Description
AIRLINE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM is basically a menu driven program. This
kind of format is designed considering the user requirements. This is to provide an
easy and faster method of operation to the user.

We have implemented validation at 03 points in the system as:

1. The first point is where the user enters his account & pin no. This is the most important part of our application because the information which would be fetched & is displayed to the user is confidential and it should be displayed only after proper authentication. So, for security reasons, we have given only one chance to the user to enter his pin correctly. If he does not, the system issues a warning through a proper message and exits. The user then again has to swipe his card, enter his account & pin no. to view the account details or undertake any account activity.

2. The second point where this is implemented is the menu where the user chooses from a list of options to process his requests. Since this is a menu-driven program, we expect from the user to input correct option. But if, for some reason, the user is unable to enter it correctly, we flash a message which requests the user to enter a correct option.

3. The third point where we have taken care of user input is the place where user wants to withdraw money from his account. Ideally, the user should not enter the withdrawal amount greater that his total amount and if mistakenly he does, the system flashes a user message and inform him about the same.


4. SYSTEM STUDY

4.1 FEASIBILITY STUDY
A feasibility study is carried out to select the best system that meets performance requirements.
Feasibility is the determination of whether or not a project is worth doing. The process followed in making this determination is called a feasibility study. This type of study determines if a project can and should be taken.
Since the feasibility study may lead to the commitment of large resources, it becomes necessary that it should be conducted competently and that no fundamental errors of judgment are made.
Depending on the results of the initial investigation, the survey is expanded to a more detailed feasibility study. Feasibility study is a test of system proposal according to its workability, impact on the organization, ability to meet user needs, and effective use of resources.
The objective of the feasibility study is not to solve the problem but to acquire a sense of its scope . During the study, the problem definition is crystallized and aspects of the problem to be included in the system are determined.
Consequently, costs and benefits are described with greater accuracy at this stage.
It consists of the following:
1. Statement of the problem: A carefully worded statement of the problem that led to analysis.
2. Summary of finding and recommendations: A list of the major findings and recommendations of the study. It is ideal for the user who requires quick access to the results of the analysis of the system under study. Conclusion are stated , followed by a list of the recommendation and a justification for them .
3. Details of findings : An outline of the methods and procedures under-taken by the existing system, followed by coverage of the objectives and procedures of the candidate system. Included are also discussions of output reports, file structures, and costs and benefits of the candidate system.

4. Recommendations and conclusions: Specific recommendations regarding the candidate system, including personnel assignments, costs, project schedules, and target dates.
Three key considerations are involved in the feasibility analysis these are
1. Operational Feasibility
2. Technical Feasibility
3. Behavioral Feasibility

4.1.1 Operational Feasibility:
Operational analysis is the most frequently used method for evaluating the effectiveness of a system. More commonly known as cost/ benefit analysis, the procedure is to determine the benefits and savings that are expected from a system and compare them with cost.
Earlier in Computer Craft the work has been done manually which takes lot of time as well as man power which is more economical. Now the same work is computerized which is more effective and efficient, less time consuming, reduces man power which in turn proves to be less economical.
4.1.2 Technical Feasibility:
Technical Feasibility centers around the existing computer system (hardware/ software) and also it can support the modification.
In manual processing there are more chance of errors are there, creating lot of complications, less technical or logical.
Through proposed system we can set this process in a very systematic pattern, which is more technical, full proof, authentic, safe and reliable.
4.1.3 Behavior Feasibility:
Our proposed system works to minimize the human errors, take less time, easy interaction with user, bug free.

This project/software is further expanded by connecting various interrelated departments and by installing an extension part of this software.

• System level goals and requirements.
• Cost estimation for development process and work product.
• Solution strategy development.
• Outlines of the several solutions strategies.
• Recommendation of solutions strategy.
• Feasibility and study of each strategy.





















5. SYSTEM ANALYSIS
The analysis model must achieve three primary objectives:-
1. To describe the requirements of the customer.
2. To establish a basis for the creation of a software design.
3. To define a set of requirements that can be validated once software is built.
An Overview to system analysis
The system analysis phase is considered to be one of the most important phases in the system development life cycle. It is immensely important that the software developer make through study of the existing system. Thorough study of the system is made and need i.e. features that are critical to system success and users wants (i.e. features that would be good but not essential) are brought out. The study will enable the developer to know the intricacies of the existing system.
Requirement analysis is done in order to understand the problem which the S/W system is to solve e.g., the problem could be automating the existing manual system or developing a completely new automated system or a combination of the two. For large systems having a large number of features and the need to perform many different tasks, understanding the requirement of the system is a major task. The emphasis in requirement analysis is on identifying what is needed from the system, and not how the system achieves its goal.
The main objective behind any business organization is to maximize its profit besides maintaining quality and strategic norms. This can be achieved by improving the efficiency of the system by providing more facilities using automation, by adopting faster data access, proper communication. , whereas the main objective behind automation is not only to maximize profit but also to take care of passenger’s interest by providing them better facilities.
The most important objective behind automation is to minimize Paper Work. Paper Work/Registers are replaced by a Centralized Data Bank, which is well equipped to store / provide information as and when required. Data Bank also helps speed up the

communication between various depts. outside agencies, as there is no need of making request against different departments for a specific data and to wait for it for a long period. This also improves the efficiency as it saves time and human resources.
By making the manual system computerized, we can ensure complete utilization of our existing resources. Automation helps in generating the reports / information in a consistent way, which saves time and labour if done manually.
In this project we have used Rapid Application Development (RAD) model. RAD is an incremental software development process model that emphasizes an extremely short development cycle. The following phases are encompassed:
 Business modeling: All the information about the business functioning of the Airways department is collected, how the data and information is flow from one end to another end using the following questions: What information drives the department process? What information is generated? Who generates it? Where does the information go? Who process it?
 Data modeling: The information collected in Business modeling phase is refined into a set of data objects that are needed to support the project. The attributes of each object are identified and the relationships between these objects defined.
 Process modeling: Processing descriptions and functions like adding, modifying, deleting records, printing reports, providing information, file handling etc. are created.

 Application generation: The fourth generation techniques are used to generate application, like reusing the predefined functions or creating reusable components.
 Testing: Most of the functions are already tested, as they are predefined functions. However, new components or functions are also tested after application generation.
It is the interdiciplinary part of science, dealing with analysis of sets of interacting entities, the systems often prior to their automation as computer systems, and the interactions within those systems. This field is closely related to operations results It is also "An explicit formal inquiry carried out to help someone, referred to as the decision maker, identify a better course of action and make a better decision than he might have otherwise made."
Systems analysis researchers apply mathematical methodology to the analysis of the systems involved trying to form a detailed overall picture.
The development of a computer-based information system often comprises the use of a systems analyst. When a computer-based information system is developed, systems using computer hardware/software), what the system would be used for etc.analysis would constitute the following steps:
 The development of a feasibility study, involving determining whether a project is
economically, socially, technologically and organizationally feasible.
 Conducting fact-finding measures, designed to ascertain the requirements of the
system's end-users. These typically span interviews, questionnaires, or visual
observations of work on the existing system.
 Gauging how the end-users would operate the system.
 It refers to the process of examining a business situation with the intent of improving it
through better procedures and methods. Systems development can generally be thought
of as having two major components: Systems Analysis and Systems Design.
 Systems design is the process of planning a new system or replace or complement an
existing system. But before this planning can be done, we must thoroughly understand
the existing system and determine how computers can best be used to make its
operation more effective. Systems analysis, then, is the process of gathering and
interpreting facts, diagnosing problems and using the information to recommend
improvement to the system. In brief, we can say that analysis specifies what the system
should do. Design states how to accomplish the objective.
 Analysis is a detailed study of the various operations performed by a system and their
relationships within and outside of the system. A key question is: What must be done
to solve the problem? One aspect of analysis is defining the boundaries of the system
and determining whether or not a candidate system should consider other related
systems. During analysis, data are collected on the available files, decision points and
transactions handled by the present system. There are some logical system models and
tools that are used in analysis. Data flow diagrams, interviews, on-site observations,
and questionnaires are examples. The interview is a commonly used tool in analysis. It
requires special skills and sensitivity to the subjects being interview. Bias in data
collection and interpretation can be a problem. Training, experience, and common
sense are required for collection of the information needed to do the analysis. Once
analysis is completed, the analyst has a firm understanding what is to be done. The
next step is to decide how the problem might solve. Thus, in systems design, we move
from the logical to the physical aspects of the life cycle.

 The decision to acquire computer hardware or software must be handled in the same
way as any other business decision. The variety of sizes and types of computing
resources available puts a burden on the analyst who must select suitable hardware,
software or services and advise the top management accordingly.
 Today, selecting a system is a serious and time-consuming business. The time spent on
the selection process is a function of the applications and whether the system is a basic
micro- computer or a mainframe. In either case, planning system selection and
acquiring experienced help where necessary pay off in the long run.
There are various important factors, which should be considered prior to system
selection. They are:
 Define system capabilities that make sense for the business.
 Specify the magnitude of the problem, i.e., clarify whether selection entails a few
peripherals or a major decision concerning the mainframe.
 Assess the competence of the in-house staff.
 Hardware and software should be considered as a package.
 Develop a time frame for the selection process.
 Provide user indoctrination.
This is crucial, especially for first-time users. Selling the system to the user staff, provide adequate training and creating an environment conductive to implementation are prerequisites for system acquisition.
The selection process should be viewed as a project and a project team should be formed with the help of management. The selection process consists of several steps, which are discussed below:

 Requirements analysis: The first step in selection understands the user's requirement within the framework of the organization’s objectives and the environment in which the system is being installed.
 System specifications: System specifications must be clearly defined. These specifications must reflect the actual applications to be handled by the system and include system objectives, flowcharts, input-output requirements, file structure and cost.
 Request for proposal: After the requirement analysis and system specifications have
been defined, a request for proposal is prepared and sent to selected vendors for
bidding.
 Evaluation and validation: The evaluation phase ranks various vendor proposals and
determines the one best suited to the user's requirements. It looks into items such as
price, availability and technical support. System validation ensures that the vendor
can, in fact, match his/her claims, especially system performance.
 Vendor selection: This step determines the vendor with the best combination of
reputation, reliability, service record, training, delivery time, lease/finance terms. The
selected vendors are invited to give a presentation of their system. The system
chosen goes through contract negotiations before implementation.

WORKING OF THE PROJECT
 User can view record about flight by selecting option 1 from the main menu.
 User can reserve the seat for view the flight. by selecting option 2.
 User can also cancel the reserved ticket for flight by selecting option 3.
 Admin can collect total amount. by selecting option 4.

5.1 SDLC
In this project we have followed the Waterfall model.
The waterfall model is the most familiar model. This model has five phases:
requirements analysis and specifications, design, implementation and unit testing,
integration and system testing, and operation and maintenance.
1.Requirements Analysis and Specification Phase: The goal of this phase is to
understand the exact requirements of the customer and to document them properly.
This activity is usually executed together with the customer, as the goal is to document
all functions, performance and interfacing requirements for the software. The
requirements describes the “what” of a system, not the “how”.
2. Design phase: The goal of this is to transform the requirements specification into a
structure that is suitable for implementation in some programming language.
3. Implementation and Unit Testing Phase: During testing, the major activities are
centered around the examination and modification of the code. Initially, small modules
are tested in isolation from the rest of the software product. There are problems
associated with testing a module in isolation. How do we run a module without
anything to call it, to be called by it or, possibly, to output intermediate values obtained
during execution? Such problems are solved in this phase and modules are tested after
writing some overhead code.
4. Integration and System Testing Phase: The purpose of unit testing is to determine
that each independent module is correctly implemented. This gives little chance to
determine that the interface between modules is also correct, and for this reason
integration testing is performed. System testing involves the testing of the entire system
whereas software is a part of the system. This is essential to build confidence in the
developers before software is delivered to the customer or released in the market.
5. Operation and Maintenance Phase: Software maintenance is a task that every
development group has to face, when the software is delivered to the customer’s site,
installed and is operational. Therefore, release of software inaugurates the operation
and maintenance phase of the life cycle. The time spent and effort required to keep the
software operational after release is very significant.
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The waterfall model is a sequential (non-iterative) design process, used in software development processes, in which progress is seen as flowing steadily downwards (like a waterfall) through the phases of conception, initiation, analysis, design, construction, testing, production/implementation and maintenance.

The waterfall development model originates in the manufacturing and construction industries: highly structured physical environments in which after-the-fact changes are prohibitively costly, if not impossible. Because no formal software development methodologies existed at the time, this hardware-oriented model was simply adapted for software development
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