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20-10-2017, 05:55 AM

vtu notes for civil 6th semground water hydrology

jaseela123d · 24-10-2017, 12:45 PM

It is water derived from precipitation (rain and snow) although most rainwater or melting water from snow and ice reaches the sea through surface flows or runoff, a considerable part of the precipitation is gradually infiltrates the groundwater. This infiltrated water continues its descending path until it reaches the saturation zone to become the groundwater of the aquifer.

Groundwater occurring below the surface of the Earth, where it occupies all or part of the void spaces in geological soil or strata. It is also called subsurface water to distinguish it from surface water, which is found in large bodies such as oceans or lakes or flowing over land in streams. Both surface and subsurface water are related through the hydrological cycle (the continuous circulation of water in the Earth-atmosphere system).

Most groundwater comes from precipitation. The precipitation infiltrates below the soil surface in the soil area. When the area of the soil becomes saturated, the water is filtered down. A saturation zone occurs where all interstices are filled with water. There is also an aeration zone where the interstices are partially occupied by water and partly by air. The groundwater continues to descend until, at some depth, it melts in a zone of dense rock. Water is contained in the pores of such rocks, but the pores are not connected and the water will not migrate. The precipitation process that replenishes the groundwater supply is known as recharge. In general, recharge occurs only during the rainy season in tropical climates or during the winter in temperate climates. Typically, 10 to 20 percent of the precipitation that falls to Earth enters the aquifer (aquifer) strata.

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