vtu 7th sem cse ashok kumar notes pdf embedded computing system
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Please ,I want ECS 7th sem notes of. Ashok Kumar
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(14-10-2017, 08:33 AM)Guest Wrote: Please ,I want ECS 7th sem notes of. Ashok Kumar
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An integrated system is a special purpose system in which the computer is completely encapsulated by the controlling device. Unlike a general purpose computer, such as a personal computer, an integrated system performs predefined tasks, usually with very specific requirements. Because the system is dedicated to a specific task, design engineers can optimize it by reducing the size and cost of the product. Integrated systems often occur massively, so cost savings can be multiplied by millions of items.

Examples of integrated systems include ATMs, cell phones, printers, thermostats, calculators, and video game consoles. Handheld computers or PDAs are also considered integrated devices because of the nature of their hardware design, although they are more extensible in terms of software. This line of definition continues to fade as the devices expand.

The field of integrated system research is rich in potential because it combines two factors. First, the system designer generally has control over the hardware design and software design, unlike general purpose computing. Second, integrated systems rely on a wide range of disciplines, including computer architecture (processor architecture and microarchitecture, memory system design), compiler, scheduler / operating system and real-time systems. The combination of these two factors means that the barriers between these fields can be decomposed, allowing synergy between multiple fields and results in optimizations that are greater than the sum of their parts.

A challenge with integrated systems is to deliver predictably good performance. Many integrated systems (eg anti-lock brakes in a car) have real-time requirements; if the calculations are not completed before a deadline, the system will fail, possibly injuring the user. Unfortunately, many of the performance enhancement features that make personal computers so fast also make it difficult to predict their performance accurately. Such features include execution of pipeline and out-of-order instructions on the processor, and caches in the memory system. Therefore, the challenge for real-time system researchers is to develop approaches to designing fast systems with easily predictable performance, or to more accurately measure existing complex but fast systems.
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(14-10-2017, 08:33 AM)Guest Wrote: Please ,I want ECS 7th sem notes of. Ashok Kumar
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An integrated system is a computer system with a dedicated function within a larger mechanical or electrical system, often with restrictions on real-time computing. It is integrated as part of a complete device that often includes hardware and mechanical parts. Integrated systems control many devices currently in common use. Ninety-eight percent of all microprocessors are manufactured as integrated system components.
Examples of properties of typical integrated computers compared to general purpose counterparts are low power consumption, small size, robust operating ranges and low cost per unit. This has the price of limited processing resources, which makes them significantly more difficult to program and interact with. However, by building intelligence mechanisms on the hardware, taking advantage of possible existing sensors and the existence of a network of integrated units, one can optimally manage the resources available in the unit and network levels, as well as provide enhanced functions, much beyond those available. For example, intelligent techniques can be designed to manage the energy consumption of integrated systems.

Modern integrated systems are often based on microcontrollers (ie CPU with integrated memory or peripheral interfaces) but ordinary microprocessors (which use external chips for memory and peripheral interface circuits) are also common, especially in more complex systems. In any case, the processor (s) used may be of the general purpose type to those specialized in a certain kind of computation, or even custom designed for the application in question. A common standard class of dedicated processors is the digital signal processor (DSP).

Since the integrated system is dedicated to specific tasks, design engineers can optimize it to reduce the size and cost of the product and increase reliability and performance. Some integrated systems are mass produced and benefit from economies of scale.

Integrated systems range from portable devices such as digital watches and MP3 players to large stationary installations such as traffic lights, factory controllers and largely complex systems such as hybrid vehicles, MRI and avionics. The complexity varies from low, with a single microcontroller chip, to very high with multiple units, peripherals and networks mounted within a chassis or large box.
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