Voice over IP (VoIP)
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Chapter 1
Introduction

The IP Multimedia standard defines a generic architecture for offering Voice over IP (VoIP) and multimedia services.It is an international,recognized standard,first specified by the Third Generation PartnershipProject (3GPP/3GPP2) and now being embraced by other standard bodies including ETSI/TISPAN.The standard supports multiple access types –including GSM, WCDMA, CDMA2000, Wireline broadband access and WLAN.
For users, IMS-based services enable person-to-person and person-to-content
communications in a variety of modes – including voice, text, pictures and video, or any combination of these – in a highly personalized and controlled way.
For operators, IMS takes the concept of layered architecture one step further by defining a horizontal architecture, where service enablers and common functions can be reused for multiple applications.The horizontal architecture in IMS also specifies interoperability and roaming, and provides bearer control,charging and security.
What is more, it is well integrated with existing voice and data networks, while adopting many of the key benefits of the IT domain.This makes IMS a key enabler for fixed-mobile convergence.
For these reasons, IMS will become preferred solution for fixed and mobile
operators’ multimedia business.IMS enables services to be delivered in a standardized, well-structured way that truly makes the most of layered architecture. At the same time, it provides a future-proof architecture that simplifies and speeds up the service creation
and provisioning process, while enabling legacy interworking.
The horizontal architecture of IMS enables operators to move away from vertical ‘stovepipe’ implementations of new services – eliminating the costly and complex traditional network structure of overlapping functionality for charging, presence, group and list management, routing and provisioning.
For fixed and mobile operators there are benefits of introducing the IMS
architecture today. On longer term, IMS enables a secure migration path to all IP architecture that will meet end-user demands for new enriched services.IP multimedia involves developing communication services that support the changes network operators face in rolling out new services, including rich media in the areas of data, video and voice.As decision-makers target the monetization of next-generation networks and operators evolve to NGN technology, IP multimedia plays an increasingly prominent role.The IP Multimedia channel is your source for information on how IP multimedia technology is developing, how quickly operators and service providers are using it and what SDKs and frameworks are available for the development and testing of IP multimedia Client and Server products over IP and 3G networks.
IMS was originally conceived in the late 1990s as part of a plan for worldwide deployment of mobile telecommunications networks that would interface with the public switched telephone network.
1.1 History

fig. 1.1 Evolution of IP Multimedia
 IMS was originally defined by an industry forum called 3G.IP, formed in 1999. 3G.IP developed the initial IMS architecture, which was brought to the 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP), as part of their standardization work for 3G mobile phone systems in UMTS networks. It first appeared in Release 5 (evolution from 2G to 3G networks), when SIP-based multimedia was added. Support for the older GSM and GPRS networks was also provided.
 3GPP2 (a different organization from 3GPP) based their CDMA2000 Multimedia Domain (MMD) on 3GPP IMS, adding support for CDMA2000.
 3GPP release 6 added interworking with WLAN, Inter-operability between IMS using different IP-connectivity networks, routing group identities, multiple registration and forking, presence, speech recognition and speech-enabled services (Push to talk).
 3GPP release 7 added support for fixed networks, by working together with TISPAN release R1.1, the function of AGCF (Access Gateway control function) and PES (PSTN Emulation Service) are introduced to the wire-line network for the sake of inheritance of services which can be provided in PSTN network. Also added voice call continuity between circuit switching and packet switching domain (VCC), fixed broadband connection to the IMS, interworking with non-IMS networks, Policy and Charging Control (PCC), emergency sessions.
 3GPP release 8 added support for Long Term Evolution (LTE), System Architecture Evolution (SAE), Multimedia Session Continuity, Enhanced emergency sessions and IMS centralized services.
 3GPP release 9 added support for IMS emergency calls over GPRS and EPS, enhancements to Multimedia Telephony, IMS media plane security, enhancements to services centralization and continuity.
 3GPP release 10 added support for inter device transfer, enhancements to the Single Radio Voice Call Continuity (SRVCC), enhancements to IMS emergency sessions.
1.2 Definition
Before we go any further let us define exactly what we mean when we talk about IP Multimedia. The term 'IP Multimedia' refers to an architectural framework for delivering Internet Protocol (IP) multimedia services.
IP Multimedia Subsystem (IMS) is an architecture that enables wireline, wireless and cable operators to offer Internet Protocol (IP) multimedia services.IMS works across both circuit switched and packet switched networking infrastructures.It is the new carrier service platform.
It was originally designed by the wireless standards body 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP), as a part of the vision for evolving mobile networks beyond GSM. Its original formulation (3GPP R5) represented an approach to delivering "Internet services" over GPRS. This vision was later updated by 3GPP, 3GPP2 and TISPAN by requiring support of networks other than GPRS, such as Wireless LAN, CDMA2000 and fixed line.
To ease the integration with the Internet, IMS uses IETF protocols wherever possible, e.g. Session Initiation Protocol (SIP).
The IP Multimedia Subsystem (IMS) is a concept for an integrated network of telecommunications carriers that would facilitate the use of IP (Internet Protocol) for packetcommunications in all known forms over wireless or landline. Examples of such communications include traditional telephony, fax, e-mail, Internet, Voice over IP (VoIP), instant messaging (IM), videoconference sessions and video on demand (VoD).
An integrated network for telecommunications carriers that uses the IP protocol as its foundation for packetized voice, video and data is called IP Multimedia.The IP Multimedia Subsystem (IMS) is designed to interface with the PSTN and provide traditional telephony services such as 800 numbers, caller ID and local number portability.
Why Develop IMS?
A state-of-the-art cellular telephone is not only a sophisticated radio device but also a camera, a high-precision display, and an impressive set of resources for applications, including processing power, memory, and Internet access. This always-on, always-connected application device creates the need for a new networking paradigm for IP-based mobile devices. In this model, applications become peer-to-peer entities and sharing is the key component of the services model.
As IMS began to unfold, it became apparent that this same model could be used for universal IP connectivity. While the initial focus has been on the radio access network mode of connectivity to IMS, it is now moving into an access-independent network model. Both wireless and wireline providers are exploring how IMS will factor into their evolutionary processes.
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