VLSI System Design
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CSCE 612: VLSI System Design
VLSI Design
What is VLSI?

– “Very Large Scale Integration”
– Defines integration level
– 1980s hold-over from outdated taxonomy for integration levels
• Obviously influenced from frequency bands, i.e. HF, VHF, UHF
– Sources disagree on what is measured (gates or transistors?)
– SSI – Small-Scale Integration (0-102)
• MSI – Medium-Scale Integration (102-103)
• LSI – Large-Scale Integration (103-105)
• VLSI – Very Large-Scale Integration (105-107)
• ULSI – Ultra Large-Scale Integration (>=107)
Integration Level Trends
Integrated Circuits/MEMs

• Today, VLSI refers to systems impl. w/integrated circuits
– Integrated circuit refers mostly to general manufacturing technique
• micro/nano-scale devices on a semiconductor (crystalline) substrate
• Formed using chemical/lithography processing
– What kind of devices / structures?
– transistors (bipolar, MOSFET)
– wires (interconnects and passives)
– diodes (junction, LEDs, VCSELs, MSM, photoconductor, PiN)
– MEMs (piezoelectric integration, accelerometers, gyroscopes, pressure sensors, micro-mirrors)
– For CMOS digital design, we only use MOSFET transistors (used as switches) and wires
• Chips
Integrated circuits consist of:
– A small square or rectangular “die”, < 1mm thick
• Small die: 1.5 mm x 1.5 mm => 2.25 mm2
• Large die: 15 mm x 15 mm => 225 mm2
– Larger die sizes mean:
• More logic, memory
• Less volume
• Less yield
– Dies are made from silicon (substrate)
• Substrate provides mechanical support and electrical common point
VLSI Design
• Draw polygons that represent layers deposited on the substrate
– More of an art than science
• One 2-input NAND gate with 4 transistors
• Typical microprocessor contains 50 – 200 million transistors (10-50 million gates)
VLSI Design
• Manual layout design is obviously not practical
• Design complexity:
– Manually drawing layout for a billion transistors would take too long
– Even if we could…
• How to verify (test) designs for functionality, speed, power, etc.?
– Complexity scales faster than actual design
• How to reuse designs?
• How to create human-readable designs?
• How to speed-up design process?
• These problems form a great deal of work
– Electronic Design Automation (EDA)
– a.k.a. CAD
• Advancing EDA technology, physical fabrication technology, advanced designs, and IP form bulk of work (and money) in VLSI
• EDA Tools
Conclusion:
– This course is about using design tools to manage design complexity of VLSI systems
– Only way to learn tools: practice and work with tools individually
– Must teach IC fundamentals, but prevent course from becoming semiconductor theory, analog electronics, circuits, or digital logic course
• Target large-scale integration and EDA
• Reach good balance between fundamental IC theory and automated large-scale design methodology
– 80-90% of course time will be spent in lab
– Tutorials will provide basic knowledge
– Must learn the tools on your own (assisted by instructor)
Course Overview
• This course is called “VLSI System Design”
• Focus on large-scale system design (CAD tools)
• CAD tools manage design and verification complexity
What we have…
– Latest, most advanced CAD tools in the EDA industry
– Three primary players
• Synopsys, #258 ($1.2 billion revenue)
• Cadence Design Systems, #259 ($1.1 billion revenue)
• Mentor Graphics, ?
• Comparison: Microsoft #95 ($36.8 billion), Intel #102 ($34.2 billion)
– Fabrication award for 500 nm CMOS fabrication process
• AMI C5N process with academic design kit (NCSU CDK)
• 1.5 mm x 1.5 mm die size, multiple dies, packaging
EDA Tools
• Big companies, lots of money, 40 years of integrated circuit design experience, conferences, journals, powerful PCs… what’s the problem?
IC CAD tools are difficult to use
– Written by electrical engineers (not professional programmers)
– Incredibly buggy
– Not documented
– Rely on ancient, outdated file formats for interoperability
– Still mostly rely on command-line interfaces
– Utilize outdated, primitive, buggy APIs for GUIs
– Inherently required to solve hard problems
• Place components, route wires
• Must utilize advanced heuristics that are only as good as fabrication process technology information and user input (garbage-in, garbage-out)
EDA Tools
• Cadence tools
– “IC-Tools” => IC5141 package (Linux)
– Collection of tools managed by Design Framework II (dfII)
• Virtuoso schematic/layout editor
• Analog Environment
• Spectre simulator
• Diva DRC, EXT, LVS
• Other Cadence tools
– SignalStorm => TSI42 package (Linux)
– Abstract Generator => DSMSE54 (Solaris)
– First Encounter => SOC42 package (Linux)
• Synopsys
– Design Compiler (Linux)
• Mentor
– HDL Designer (Linux)
What EDA Tools Can Do
• Manual layout vs. EDA is like:
– Manual transmission vs. automatic transmission
– HTML programming vs. Frontpage
– Assembly code programming vs. compiled high-level language
– Manual layout for small, optimized designs will always be superior
• EDA techniques for larger-scale designs will always be superior (verification, reusability, NRE, etc.)
• Goal: do careful, manual design of smaller components (cells) and use EDA to combine them for large-scale design
• What EDA Tools Can Do
• “My” Design Flow
Course Organization
• Course will be divided into units
– Introduction: IC design and fabrication fundamentals
• Lectures
• Assignments from textbook
– CMOS circuit design, layout, and simulation
• Tutorial: Cadence IC-Tools
• Design projects
• Development of standard cell library
– Cell library development
• Tutorial: Cadence SignalStorm and Abstract Generator
• Report on cell library
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