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Vehicle dynamics refers to the dynamics of vehicles, here assumed to be ground vehicles. Vehicle dynamics is a part of engineering primarily based on classical mechanics.This article applies primarily to automobiles. For single-track vehicles,specifically the two-wheeled variety, see bicycle and motorcycle dynamics

Components
Components, attributes or aspects of vehicle dynamics include:
Automobile layout
Electronic Stability Control (ESC)
Steering
Suspension
Traction control system (TCS)
Aerodynamic specific[edit source
Some attributes or aspects of vehicle dynamics are purely aerodynamic. These include:
Automobile drag coefficient
Automotive aerodynamics
Center of pressure
Downforce
Ground effect in cars
Geometry specific
Some attributes or aspects of vehicle dynamics are purely geometric. These include:
Ackermann steering geometry
Axle track
Camber angle
Caster angle
Ride height
Roll center
Scrub radius
Steering ratio
Toe
Wheelbase
Mass specific
Some attributes or aspects of vehicle dynamics are purely due to mass and its distribution. These include:
Center of mass
Moment of inertia
Roll moment
Sprung mass
Unsprung mass
Weight distribution
Motion specific
Main article: Car handling
Some attributes or aspects of vehicle dynamics are purely dynamic. These include:
Body flex
Body roll
Bump Steer
Directional stability
Critical speed
Noise, vibration, and harshness
Pitch
Ride quality
Roll
Speed wobble
Understeer, oversteer, lift-off oversteer, and fishtailing
Weight transfer and load transfer
Yaw
Tire specific
Some attributes or aspects of vehicle dynamics can be attributed directly to the tires. These include:
Camber thrust
Circle of forces
Contact patch
Cornering force
Ground pressure
Pacejka's Magic Formula
Pneumatic trail
Radial Force Variation
Relaxation length
Rolling resistance
Self aligning torque
Slip angle
Slip (vehicle dynamics)
Steering ratio
Tire load sensitivity
Roadway specific
Some attributes or aspects of vehicle dynamics can be attributed directly to the roads on which they travel. These include:
Banked turn, cross slope, drainage gradient, and cant or superelevation
Road slipperiness and Split friction
Surface roughness, International Roughness Index, Profilograph, Texture
Driving techniques
Driving techniques which relate to, or improve the stability of vehicle dynamics include:
Cadence braking
Threshold braking
Double declutching
Drifting (motorsport)
Handbrake turn
Heel-and-Toe
Left-foot braking
Opposite lock
Scandinavian flick
Ski (driving stunt)
Wheelie

Analysis and simulation

The dynamic behavior of vehicles can be analysed in several different ways. This can be as straightforward as a simple spring mass system, through a three-degree of freedom (DoF) bicycle model, to a large degree of complexity using a multibody system simulation package such as MSC ADAMS or Modelica. As computers have gotten faster, and software user interfaces have improved, commercial packages such as CarSim have become widely used in industry for rapidly evaluating hundreds of test conditions much faster than real time. Vehicle models are often simulated with advanced controller designs provided as software in the loop (SIL) with controller design software such as Simulink, or with physical hardware in the loop (HIL).
Vehicle motions are largely due to the shear forces generated between the tires and road, and therefore the tire model is an essential part of the math model. The tire model must produce realistic shear forces during braking, acceleration, cornering, and combinations, on a range of surface conditions. Many models are in use. Most are semi-empirical, such as the Pacejka Magic Formula model.
Racing car games or simulators are also a form of vehicle dynamics simulation. In early versions many simplifications were necessary in order to get real-time performance with reasonable graphics. However, improvements in computer speed have combined with interest in realistic physics, leading to driving simulators that are used for vehicle engineering using detailed models such as CarSim.
It is important that the models should agree with real world test results, hence many of the following tests are correlated against results from instrumented test vehicles.
Techniques include:
Linear range constant radius understeer
Fishhook
Frequency response
Lane change
Moose test
Sinusoidal steering
Skidpad
Swept path analysis