universal coupling mini project
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project report on universal coulong and give me the mini projwct report on universal couplings
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#2
give me the mini project report on universal couplings
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#3

A universal joint (universal coupling, U-joint, Cardan joint, Spicer joint or Hardy Spicer or Hooke joint) is a joint or coupling that connects rigid rods whose axes are inclined to one another and which is commonly used in shafts that transmit rotary motion . It consists of a pair of hinges located very close together, oriented at 90 ° to each other, connected by a transverse axis. The universal joint is not a constant speed joint. 

The main concept of the universal joint is based on the design of cardan, which have been in use since ancient times. An anticipation of universal articulation was its use by the ancient Greeks in ballistae. In Europe the universal articulation is often called Cardan or cardan, according to the Italian mathematician Gerolamo Cardano; however, in his writings, he only mentioned gimbal mounts, not universal joints.

The mechanism was later described in Technica curiosa sive mirabilia artis (1664) by Gaspar Schott, who mistakenly stated that it was a constant velocity joint. Shortly thereafter, between 1667 and 1675, Robert Hooke analyzed the joint and found that its rotation speed was non-uniform, but that this property could be used to track the movement of shadow on the face of a sundial. In fact, the component of the equation of time that explains the inclination of the equatorial plane with respect to the ecliptic is totally analogous to the mathematical description of the universal articulation. The first recorded use of the universal term articulation for this device was by Hooke in 1676, in his book Helioscopes. He published a description in 1678, resulting in the use of Hooke's articulation of the term in the English-speaking world. In 1683, Hooke proposed a solution to the uniform speed of rotation of the universal joint: a pair of 90 ° Hooke joints offset at each end of an intermediate shaft, an arrangement now known as a type of constant speed joint . Christopher Polhem of Sweden later reinvented the universal articulation, giving rise to the name Polhemsknut in Swedish.

In 1841, the English scientist Robert Willis analyzed the movement of the universal joint. In 1845, French engineer and mathematician Jean-Victor Poncelet had analyzed the movement of the universal joint using spherical trigonometry.

The term universal articulation was used in the 18th century and was commonly used in the 19th century. Edmund Morewood's 1844 patent for a metal coating machine required a universal joint of that name to accommodate minor alignment errors between the motor and the mill axes. Ephriam Shay's 1881 locomotive patent, for example, used double universal joints on the locomotive axis. Charles Amidon used a much smaller universal joint in his 1884. Beauchamp Tower's high-speed rotating spherical motor used a universal joint adaptation around 1885.

The term Cardan's joint seems to be a delay in the English language. Many early uses in the 19th century appear in French translations or are strongly influenced by French usage. Examples include an 1868 report on the Universelle exhibition of 1867  and an article on the dynamometer translated from the French in 1881.
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