transmission and distribution book pdf free download
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Transmission and distribution book pdf free download
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In India, the average losses of T & D (Transmission and Distribution) have officially been indicated as 23 per cent of the electricity generated. However, according to sample studies conducted by independent agencies including TERI, these losses have been estimated at up to 50 percent in some states. In a recent study by SBI Capital Markets for DVB, T & D losses have been estimated at 58%. This is contrary to DVB's claims that its transmission and distribution losses are between 40 and 50 percent. With the creation of State Regulatory Commissions in the country, the exact estimation of T & D Losses has gained importance since the level of losses directly affects sales and energy purchase needs and is therefore related to The determination of electric rates of a utility for the commission.


Energy losses occur in the process of supplying electricity to consumers due to technical and commercial losses. The technical losses are due to the energy dissipated in the conductors and equipment used for the transmission, transformation, sub-transmission and distribution of energy. These technical losses are inherent in a system and can be reduced to an optimal level. Losses may be additional subgroups depending on the energy transformation and transmission system stages such as Transmission Losses (400kV / 220kV / 132kV / 66kV), such as Sub transmission losses (33kV / 11kV) and distribution losses (11kV / 0.4 Kv). Commercial losses are caused by theft, faulty metering and errors in meter reading and estimation of unmeasured energy supply.

Officially declared losses of transmission and distribution in India have gradually increased from approximately 15 percent through 1966-67 to approximately 23 percent in 1998-99. The continuing upward trend in losses is a matter of great concern and all efforts are necessary to contain them. According to a study conducted by the US Electric Energy Research Institute (EPRI). Some time ago, losses in various elements of the T & D system are usually of the order. However, losses in any system will depend on the pattern of power usage, load demand intensity, load density, and capacity and configuration of the transmission and distribution system that vary for various system elements. According to CEA, publication (July 1991) "Guidelines for Reduction of Transmission and Distribution Losses" should be reasonable to point to total energy losses in the range of 10-15% in different states of India. Attachment B indicates the increasing trend of T & D losses in the different states in the past. This can be compared to the T & D losses in the other countries listed in the appended Attachments -A. A look at this annex indicates that in most developed countries T & D losses are less than 10 percent.
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