presented by;
Ajaya Kumar Kavala

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Technique for measuring the Dielectric constant using open ended coaxial cable in the microwave frequency region
Introduction of Dielectrics
• Dielectric is an entity ,in which equal positive and negative charges separated by equal small distance.
• In which each molecule has permanent dipole moment P
• This type of materials are known as polar materials
• Different molecules has different different directions of the dipole moment.
• In Non polar materials ,The centre of the positive charge distributution in an atom or molecules coincides with the centre of the negative charge distribution.
• The atoms or molecules do not have permanant dipole moment
• Dielectric constant = capacitence without dielectric over capacitence with dielectric
Types of polarizations
Definition: Dipole moment per unit volume is called Polarisation
• 3 types of polarisation
• 1.Dipole polarisation
• 2.Ionic polarisation
• 3.electronic polarisation
Principle
 An electromagnetic wave of particular frequency passed through a coaxial probe to the sample, some part of the wave is transmitted and some part of the wave reflected.
 From the reflected signal we can get the reflection coefficient of that sample, from that we can get the corresponding impedance of that sample at that particular frequency
 From that impedance we can obtain the complex dielectric constant at that frequency
 Accurate determination of the frequency-dependent probe-end impedance in vacuum .
 Elimination of spurious impedances such as those due to connector mismatch
 Indeterminacy of probe parameters
 Accurate modeling of the probe-liquid interface impedance after the above problems are eliminated.
Experimental data collection is described below step by step
 Open
With the coax terminated by free space, the measurement plane of the ANA was moved to the coax end using the electrical delay provided. The delay, which corresponds to the length of the coax (typically 6-12 in), was adjusted to give a cluster of points near the real and imaginary parts.
 Short
A short at the coax end was created by raising a small vessel (about 6 cc) filled with mercury, until the coax end was well within the liquid. This resulted in a cluster of points around the position [Re and Img parts.
 Standard Liquid
At this point, the display was checked to ensure that the date returned to the configuration for an open. A cell (of volume typically <10 cc) with a standard liquid, usually acetone, was now inserted so that the coax end was well immersed in the liquid. The data ρc were again read into the computer.
 Error analysis
Analysis shows that the instrument accuracies contribute negligibly (less than 0.1%) to the accuracy of measurement.
he principal source of error is caused by the termination modeling. The calibration procedure eliminated the error in determining the capacitance parameters Cj(ω) and Co(ω). Residual errors are due to ignoring higher orders of ωε in B(ω,ε) and the radiation conductance G(ω, ε) . We estimate the error introduced by these higher order corrections as
Δε/ε ≈ [B(ω,ε) √(ωεC)-jG(ω,ε)] / √ (ωεC)
(C is a constant.)