Taneja Aerospace and Aviation Limited
#1

SUBMITTED BY
DARSHAK BHUPTANI

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Taneja Aerospace and Aviation Limited
Abstract

This is the report which has been made from the exposure which I have got from the TAAL.This includes various topics such as construction of an aerodrome, communication system between ground and aircraft, production of P68C type aircraft, manufacturing various types of products which has being used by DRDO, HAL, CAE, Indian Army, ISRO, ADE etc.
For the manufacturing of these products there are various process and procedure which has to be carried out are broadly explained with an example in various units of TAAL.
This also include the maintaince procedure which is as per the DGCA norms such as C-Check, painting of a commercial aircraft's.
ATC
Introduction:
ATC means air traffic control, which plays an important role for the comunnication and navigaion purpose in the field of aviation.
ATC was born after the first mid air collision between two planes that had occur on 7th April 1922, over Gatewick airport, Great Britain causing the death of seven people.So the basic function of ATC is to maintain the safe distance between the two aircraft in air as well as on the ground and the safety of passenger and aircraft in air as well as on the ground is the main criteria.
Brief description:
ATC is important in the field of navigatioin and communiocation. Its main function is to provide sepreesion between the two aircrafts in the air as well as on the ground in order to avoid collision. Air traffic control is divided into three to four units which work in coordination with each other to provide safety of an aircraft.
ATS is air traffic surface unit which controls the movement of the aircraft on the ground
control tower is the tower which gives clearance to the aircraft for the landing and take off.
Approach tower is the tower which assign the higher flight level and ask the pilot to switch over to the destination approach frequency.
ACU is area control unit which controls the airspace which comes before the destination of an aircraft. So aircraft must take clearance from each ACU to approch control tower.
Position of ATC:
The position of ATC in the airport should be in a such a way that a 3600 view of the whole airport should be available from one place.So it is at the maximum elevation from the ground.
Area description which is under Hosur ATC:
The whole air space of 5 nautical miles of radius is under the Hosur tower which includes air and land of the airport.
This area is 3050 feet above the mean sea level.
On land, the tower controls the movement of all aircraft and other vehicals such as towing vehicle, fuel tank,fire extinguisher vehicles etc, to and fro movements towards the runway.
Apron area is the area where the loading/unloding of the pay loads takes place before and after take off and landing of an aircraft..
Clearence taken by the pilot before take off:
If an aircraft is towed by the towing vehicle than this is known as towing in which aircraft power is not utilized. Aircraft is towed from the hanger to the apron area or to the holding point.
If an aircraft uses its own power for the movement on the ground is known as taxing.
For both these types of movements the pilot must take clearance from the ATS.
From the holding point the pilot must take the clearance from the ATC tower.
ATC assign a particular flight level, magnetic bearing of the destination, radial code before giving clearance.
Note :
For HAL, radial code is BBG that is BRAVO BRAVO GOLF.
For Banglore International, radial code is BIA that is BRAVO INDIA ALPHA.
For Coimbatore airport, radial code is CCB that is CHARLIE CHARLIE BRAVO.
This is known as radio telephony language.
Information given by the controller to the pilot before take off/landing:
QNH- which is Quadrateral Navigation Height. This is height of the airport from the mean sea level. This is very important for the pilot to adjust his altimeter according to QNH as this will give him his exact altitude from the ground.
1 mb of difference in pressure can cause an error of 30 feet.So controller has to give him exact QNH in terms of millibar.
The time of take off and landing is the GMT and not the IST standards.
Pressure at ground level.
Temperature at ground level.
Visibility at ground level.
Frequency used for the communication by the Hosur Tower:
The frequency assigned to the Hosur tower is 129.8 Mega Hertz.
Approach tower frequency of Hosur airport is 127.7 Mega Hertz..
For the communication purpose VHF band is used whose range is from 30 to 300 Mega hertz.
For aircraft communication frequency used is from 118 to 136.9 Mega Hertz
Advantages of using VHF:
It is used for short range of communication which is line of sight type communication.
It is more immune to noise.
It can accomodate more number of frequency which can be used for the communicaion.
Disadvantage of using VHF:
It cannot be used for long range communication.
Instruments used by the Hosur tower for the communication :
Transmitter: It is a device which is used to transmit the signal from the controller to the pilot
Receiver: It is a device which is used to receive the signal from the pilot to the controller.
Press/Push To Talk (PTT): It is used for the internal communication, commonly known as walkie talkie.
Speakers: It is a device which is used to hear the sound of communication clearly.
Various instruments used by the Hosur tower:
Alitimeter:

It is a device which is used to measure the alitiude from the mean sea level.
This instrument sense the pressure difference between the static pressure and the outside pressure and gives the reading in terms of altitude, as pressure decreases with increase in altitude.
Wind monitor logger:
It is a device which gives the speed and direction of wind flow over the airfield
The units used for measuring the wind velocity is knots and the direction of wind with refrence from the magnetic north in terms of degree measuring in anticlockwise.
Wind socks are used for the visual approach of wind which can give an approximation of the velocity to the wind flow.
Reason for the runway to be in East West direction:
Usually, the direction of flow of wind is from east to west or vice-versa throughout the year.
Aircraft usually take off and land in the direction opposite to the direction of wind, the purpose is for the minimum usage of runway during landing and high lift co-efficient during take off. If runway is in North South direction, then aircraft will face the cross wind which will deviates the aircraft from its glide path.So pilot has to maintain its logitudinal axis along the runway axis which increase the pilot efforts to maintain the magnetic bearing.Thus to reduce the pilot effort and easy accessibility, runway is mostly in East West direction.
For bigger aircraft such as 737, A319, A320 etc cross wind of 60-70 knots only will have its affect on the aircraft, while for the smaller aircraft 40 knots of cross wind is sufficient to deviates the aircraft from its magnetic bearing.
But at the larger airports to handle large traffic there are both the runways present, that is main runway and cross runway which are used simultaneously.
Rules of take off/landings:
VFR known as visual flight rules:
In this type take off and landing takes place without any help from the navigational aids.
For this type, take off and landing should take place between 20 minutes before and after sunrise and sunset respectively.
Minimum visibilty must be 5000 meters..
Cloud height should be above 1500 feet from the ground level.
IFR known as instruments flight rules:
In this type take off and landing taks place with the help of the navigational aids.
For this type, take off and landing can take place at any time provided night landing system is available at the airport.
With the help of ILS, take off and landing can take place even in zero visibility.
Indication over ATC:
It is a light indication which indicates the type of airport it is.
If it is a combination of green and white, then it is a civilian airport.
If it is a combination of green and yellow, then it is a water airport such as maldives,vienam.
If it is a combination of 1 green and 2 white, then it is a defence airport.
If it is a combination of green, yellow and white, then it is a Helliport.
These are known as beacons lights.
Hosur airport has a combination of green and white light over its ATC.
There is a wind direction indicator over ATC.
There is a flag which may be red or green colour depending upon the traffic.
If there is a red flag means there is movement of aircraft in the airfield and for every movement clearance is mandatory from the ATC.
If it is green then there is no movement of aircraft and anyone can move without any clearance from ATC.
Working of ATC:
After the approval of the flight plan submitted by the pilot, ATC controller will give clearance for the flight with a ATC transponder to every aircraft for its flight which will be unique.
The pilot will take clearance from the ATS and will report at holding point and wait for the threshold clearance from the ATC.
After Clearance given by ATC, aircraft take's off and control tower controller passes it to the approach controller, who gives him higher flight level, heading, speed in tracon airspace and ask him to switch over to destination approach frequency or ACU frequency.
Any controller can divert an aircraft from its actual flight plan depending on various factors such as weather,turbulence, traffic etc.
Indian airspace is divided in 23 tracons and each tracon is controlled by several controllers which gets information of an aircraft with their various parameters such as flight level flight speed etc entering their airspace through a computer generated flight strip.
Vice-versa happens at the time of landing of an aircraft.
If an aircraft enters the indian airspace without any ATC transponder then the pilot of that aircraft will be interogated by the controller and if fails to satisfy him with the right answer then the controller can ask the Indian Air Force to ground that aircraft or shoot down it if it is threat to the Indian part in terms of security.
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