system unit & Processor
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presented By :
SUDHAKAR BHOSALE

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NEW TRENDS IN IT Seminar on system unit & Processor
SYSTEM UNIT

The system unit also known as the system cabinet, is a container that houses most of the electronic components that makeup the computer system. All computers have the system unit for microcomputers there are four basic types.
• Desktop System Unit typically contain the systems electronic components and selected secondary devices. Input and Output devices such as mouse, keyboard and monitor are located outside the system unit. This type of system unit is designed to be placed either horizontally or vertically.
• Notebook System Unit are portable and much smaller. This system unit contain the electronic components, selected secondary storage devices and input devices (keyboard and Pointing devices ) located outside the system unit, the monitor is attached by hinges. Notebook system units are often called LAPTOPS.
ELECTRONIC DATA AND INSTRUCTIONS
How are data and instructions represented in the computer?
 A computer is an electronic machine and cannot understand human language.
 All data and instructions must be represented electronically in the computer.
 A conversion must occur from what we understand to what the computer can understand.
 The computer can only understand machine language, which is represented by a binary system.
Binary system
What is a binary system?

 A binary system is a two-state numbering system consisting of 0 and 1.
 Each 0 or 1 is called a bit (short for binary digit).
 0 can be represented by electricity being off and 1 by electricity being on.
 Bits are combined into groups of eight bits called bytes.
 Each byte represents one character.
Binary Coding Schemes
• There are three principal binary coding schemes:
• ASCII - American Standard Code for Information Interchange
The most widely used binary code for microcomputers.
• EBCDIC - Extended Binary Coded Decimal Interchange Code
Developed by IBM and primarily used on large computers.
• UNICODE - 16-bit code to support international languages like Chinese and Japanese.
SYSTEM BOARD
What is a system board?

• A system board is a large, flat circuit board located inside of the computer at the bottom of the system unit or side of a tower unit.
• The system board is also known as the main board or motherboard.
• The system board is covered with sockets and other electronic parts, including chips.
• Every component of the system unit connects to the system board.
• All external devices need the system board to communicate with the computer.
CHIP
What is a chip?

• A chip consists of a circuit board attached on a small tiny postage-stamp-sized square of sand-like material called silicon.
• A chip is also called a silicon chip, semiconductor, or integrated circuit.
• Chips are mounted on carrier packages, which are then plugged into sockets on the system board.
CPU
Microprocessor Chips

• The CPU is located on the microprocessor chip.
• The capacity of a microprocessor chip is expressed in word size.
• A word is the number of bits that can be accessed at one time by the CPU.
• Common word sizes are 16 bits (2 bytes), 32 bits (4 bytes), or 64 bits (8 bytes).
• The more bits in a word, the more powerful and faster the computer because it can move larger amounts a data at one time.
• Moving larger amounts of data at one time can increase the computer’s speed.
• Speed in processing data in a microcomputer is measured in microseconds (millionths of a second)
Processor Types
There are two types of microprocessor chips, CICS and RISC.
• CISC (Complex Instruction Set Computer)
• The most common and widely used type of microprocessor chip.
• Basis for the Intel line of microprocessors.
• Pentium II and Pentium III are recent CISC chips.
• RISC (Reduced Instruction Set Computer)
• This type of chip uses fewer instructions.
• They are used in today’s most powerful microcomputers.
• The design is simpler and less costly than CISC chips.
• Power PC (Motorola chip developed with IBM and Apple), DEC Alpha (developed by Digital Equipment Corporation (DEC) and MIPS are the recent RISC chips.
MEMORY
What is memory?

• Memory is a computer chip in a microcomputer that holds data for processing, instructions for processing the data, and information waiting to be output or sent to secondary storage.
The three types of memory in a computer – RAM, ROM, and CMOS.
 RAM (Random Access Memory)
 ROM (Read Only Memory)
 CMOS (Complementary Metal-Oxide Semiconductor)
RAM
RAM (Random Access Memory)

 RAM are chips that hold the program and data that the CPU is presently processing.
 It is also known as temporary or volatile storage because as soon as the microcomputer is turned off, everything in RAM is lost.
KNOWING THE AMOUNT OF RAM IN A COMPUTER IS IMPORTANT.
• RAM must be large enough to hold software instructions for all programs that are running. RAM must be large enough to hold all data needed for processing.
• The more RAM (memory) a computer has, the more instructions and data it can hold at one time. RAM memory capacity is measured in bytes.
• RAM memory in new microcomputers is usually measured in megabytes (MB).
Kilobyte(KB) = one thousand bytes
Megabyte(MB) = one million bytes
Gigabyte(GB) = one billion bytes
Terabyte(TB) = one trillion bytes
Flash RAM
Flash RAM (Flash Memory) - New type of RAM in some computers that is not temporary

• This type of RAM chip can retain data even if power is disrupted.
• Flash RAM is very expensive and only used primarily in high-end portable computers.
Virtual Memory
Virtual Memory – A method of extending memory capacity – What is virtual memory?

• Virtual Memory is the concept of dividing a large program into parts and storing the parts on a secondary device, such as a hard disk, during processing.
• Each part of the program is read into RAM only when needed.
• Most of today’s operating systems support virtual memory.
Cache Memory
Cache Memory – A high-speed holding area – What is cache memory?

• Cache Memory is a temporary holding area between the memory and the CPU.
• It is used to store the most frequently accessed information stored in RAM.
• Cache Memory is also known as RAM cache.
• The computer detects which information in RAM is most frequently used and copies that information into the cache.
• Not all computers have cache memory.
• Computers with cache memory are faster because the CPU can access data more quickly.
ROM (Read Only Memory)
• ROM are chips that have programs built into them at the factory.
• ROM chips are not volatile and cannot be changed by the user.
• ROM chips typically contain special instructions for computing operations.
• The CPU can read, or retrieve, the programs written on the ROM chip when needed.
• The CPU cannot, however, write, encode, or change any information on a ROM chip.
• ROM chips are also known as firmware.
CMOS (Complementary Metal-Oxide Semiconductor)
• CMOS are chips that are powered by a battery and do not lose its contents when the power is turned off.
• The contents of CMOS chips can be changed to reflect changes in the computer system.
• CMOS contains information that is required every time the computer is turned on.
• CMOS contains such information as
• RAM size, Keyboard type, Mouse device type, Monitor type, Disk drive types
• CMOS chips can be changed to reflect the changes if more memory or new hardware devices are added to the computer system
EXPANSION SLOTS AND CARDS
• What are expansion slots and cards and why are they important on a computer?
• Expansion cards are circuit board devices that can be inserted into expansion slots in a computer’s motherboard to add expanded capabilities to computer operations.
• Expansion cards are also known as plug-in boards, controller cards, adapter cards, or interface cards.
• On the side of each expansion card is an area called a port, which allows a cable to be connected from the expansion card to a device outside the system unit.
• Expansion slots provide an open architecture which allows users to add new devices to the system.
• Some types of expansion cards available are Network Adapter Cards, SCSI Cards, Television Boards, and PC Cards.
CARDS
Network Adapter Card (Network Interface Card – NIC)
 Card used to connect a computer to one or more computers on a communication network.
 The card plugs into a slot inside the system unit.
 The card connects the system unit to a cable that connects to other devices on the network.
 Data, programs, and hardware can be shared over the communication network.
SCSI Card (small computer system interface)
• A card that uses a single expansion slot in a computer to connect up to seven devices to the system unit.
• These cards are used to connect such devices as printer, hard drives, and CD-ROM drives.
TV Tuner Cards
• Board that contains a TV tuner and video converter that changes TV signal into a signal that can be displayed on your computer monitor.
• It allows the user to watch television and surf the Internet at the same time.
PC Cards (PCMCIA – Personal Computer Memory Card International Association)
• A credit card-size expansion board used on portable computers.
• It can be easily inserted and replaced from the outside of a portable computer.
• It is used for a variety of purposes such as increasing memory or connecting to other computers.
Plug and Play
• A computer system needs to be reconfigured when an expansion board is added.
• Plug and play may eliminate reconfiguration tasks.
• Reconfiguration may require setting special switches on the expansion board and creating special configuration files.
• Plug and play is a set of hardware and software standards recently developed by Intel, Microsoft, and others.
• With plug and play, operating systems, processing units, and expansion boards are able to configure themselves.
• Not all computers are plug and play, but most new computers are.
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