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This book focuses on the political economy of the global tourism system in the era of globalisation, and its impacts in developing contexts. It uses case study analysis of South Africa, a country that has emerged as an increasingly popular international destination since the end of apartheid, but whose sector had been
greatly shaped and often constricted by outside factors, to assess how tourism as a global system of trade, production, exchange and governance play out in
developing countries and what its benefits and disadvantages are for them. It is a truism that tourism has become one of the world’s major economic
sectors. The scale of international tourism, the swift pace of growth it has seen over the past two decades and the economic benefits this sector is thought to carry has meant that tourism development has come to occupy the development policy agendas of most governments in the world. Yet it can be a very volatile sector, sensitive to disturbances caused by factors such as political instability, global economic shocks or even negative media portrayals, and as much as a country’s sector can expand briskly, it can also promptly suffer significant setbacks. This volatility is perhaps best illustrated by two recent, global incidents. The first is the dramatic impact that the September 11th attacks on the United States in 2001 had wrought on international tourism. Not only did world tourist arrivals decline for the first time in more than a decade, but the tourist sectors of major international destinations in North America, South Asia and the Caribbean contracted by large volumes. Given the nature of the September 11th attacks the airline industry, one of the main components of the global tourism system, was particularly negatively affected and some of the world’s largest airlines were either forced to close down or to restructure. Second, at the end of 2004 the South and Southeast Asian regions, whose sectors have already been battered by the stultifying SARS virus, experienced the catastrophic effects of the tsunami disaster. Perhaps most damaging for countries such as Thailand, and to a lesser extent, the Maldives and Seychelles was that the disaster had affected some of their prime international tourist locales. For these countries, where tourism is a vital element of their national economies, rebuilding not only means reconstructing infrastructure, but more importantly, restoring global confidence in them as tourist destinations. As such the effects of the disaster
are likely to be particularly prolonged.