I am 12std student... I want a project on specimen presentation of share certificate of different kinds of share.

Abstract

In corporate law, a stock certificate (also known as certificate of stock or share certificate) is a legal document that certifies ownership of a specific number of shares or stock in a corporation. Historically, certificates may have been required to evidence entitlement to dividends, with a receipt for the payment being endorsed on the back; and the original certificate may have been required to be provided to effect the transfer of the shareholding. Over time, these functions have been rendered redundant by statutory schemes to streamline the administrative burden on corporations, and to facilitate and streamline trading on a stock exchange. For example, most jurisdictions now impose an obligation on corporations to pay dividends to shareholders registered at a relevant point of time without the need to produce the share certificate as proof of entitlement and the certificate is no longer required to be produced with a transfer of a shareholding. In some jurisdictions today, the issue of paper stock certificates may be dispensed with, at least in some circumstances, and many corporations now provide a holding statement in lieu of a share certificate for each parcel of shares owned.
Most jurisdictions now require corporations to maintain records of ownership or transfers of shareholdings, and do not permit share certificates to be issued to bearer.

The stock (also capital stock) of a corporation constitutes the equity stock of its owners. It represents the residual assets of the company that would be due to stockholders after discharge of all senior claims such as secured and unsecured debt. Stockholders' equity cannot be withdrawn from the company in a way that is intended to be detrimental to the company's creditors.
he stock of a corporation is partitioned into shares, the total of which are stated at the time of business formation. Additional shares may subsequently be authorized by the existing shareholders and issued by the company. In some jurisdictions, each share of stock has a certain declared par value, which is a nominal accounting value used to represent the equity on the balance sheet of the corporation. In other jurisdictions, however, shares of stock may be issued without associated par value.
Shares represent a fraction of ownership in a business. A business may declare different types (or classes) of shares, each having distinctive ownership rules, privileges, or share values. Ownership of shares may be documented by issuance of a stock certificate. A stock certificate is a legal document that specifies the amount of shares owned by the shareholder, and other specifics of the shares, such as the par value, if any, or the class of the shares.
In the United Kingdom, Republic of Ireland, South Africa, and Australia, stock can also refer to completely different financial instruments such as government bonds or, less commonly, to all kinds of marketable securities.

(17-10-2016, 10:12 AM)Guest Wrote: I am 12std student... I want a project on specimen presentation of share certificate of different kinds of share.

obligations

Types of debenture 
Obligations are classified into several types. These are redeemable,
Irrevocable, perpetual, non convertible convertible, totally, partly,
Secured, mortgaged, unsecured, naked, first mortgaged, second
Mortgaged, bearer, fixed, variable interest rate, coupon rate, zero coupon, insured
Subscription notes, can be called, with put option, etc.
Types of obligations Obligations are classified into different types based
In its mandate, redemption, mode of redemption, convertibility, security,
Transferability, rate of interest, coupon rate, etc. The following are the
Various types of obligations vis-a-vis the basis of the classification.

Redemption / Tenure
Redemptive and irremediable (perpetual) Obligations: redeemable
Obligations have a specific date of redemption on the certificate. the
The company is legally obliged to pay the principal amount of the bond issue
Holders on that date. On the other hand, irredeemable obligations, also
Known as perpetual instruments, do not bear any repayment date. East
Means that there is no specific time to repayment of these obligations.
They are amortized in the liquidation of the company or when the
Company chooses to pay to retire to reduce its liability for the problems of due
Notice to the holders of the obligations in advance.

convertibility
Convertible and non-convertible debentures: convertible debentures
Holders have the option of converting their securities into equity shares. the
Conversion rate and the period after which conversion will take place
Effect are stated in the terms and conditions of the
Obligations at the time of issuance. On the contrary, non-convertible
Obligations are simple obligations with that option to achieve
Become equity. Your state will always remain a debt and will not
Become equity at any point of time.
Fully and in part convertible bonds: convertible bonds are
They fit into two - totally and partially convertible. Fully convertible
Obligations are fully converted into shares, while the
Convertible bonds have two parts. Convertible part becomes

Interest rate fixed rate and variable rate Obligations: fixed rate bonds have fixed. The interest and principal is returned to the person who produces the coupons. An administrator is designated for the realization of the insured asset that it is quite obvious that the security can not be assigned to each bondholder. They are considered as good as legal tender tickets because of their easy transmissibility. First as mortgage pledge Second Mortgage Payment Obligations: Mortgage payment guaranteed bonds / are classified into two types - the first and second mortgage bonds. Considering. Can be transferred by simple delivery to the new holder.equity according to the agreed conversion rate based on agreement. Which are attached to the certificate of obligations. One of obligations when the burden is secured by the some asset or set of assets that is known as insured or mortgage obligations and another when issued solely in the creditor of the issuer is known as naked or unsecured obligations. address. And other details they carry out are registered with the issuing company and provided that such obligations are transferred by the holder. And the certificate, respectively. Otherwise, the interest and capital will go to the previous owner because the company will pay the person who is registered. Which has to be informed to the issuing company of the update in their records. There is no restriction on the issuance of different types of obligations, provided that there is clarity on the claims of the holders of the obligations on the profits and assets of the company at the time of liquidation. name. The first mortgaged bonds have the first charge on the assets of the company while the second mortgage has the secondary charge which means the realization of the assets will serve first comply with the obligation of the first mortgage bonds and then it will be done for second . Non-convertible part becomes as good as exchangeable bonds, which is returned after the expiration of the agreed term. Transferability / Registration of registered obligations of the non-registered (bearer) of obligations: In the case of registered obligations. Secured Security and obligations with or without (nude): debentures are guaranteed in two ways. The unregistered are commonly known as issuance of bearer bonds.

In short, shares represent ownership in a company. When a company is created, the founders of the company must determine who owns the company. Often the founders also become the first shareholders of the company. The first and most important step in establishing a Singapore company is to determine who owns how many shares. This is generally expressed as a percentage of the total number of shares and this percentage is very important for each founder.



This article provides a high-level overview of the nature of the shares and different classes of shares and is intended for first time entrepreneurs of Singapore companies. Please note that this is neither a complete compilation of all relevant information on this subject nor a substitute for professional advice. The most popular definition of a company's share was originally expressed by the judge in Borland Trustee Superior Court v Steel Brothers & Co Ltd [1901]: "A share is the interest of a shareholder in the company measured by a sum of Money, for the purpose of liability first, and interest in the second, but also consists of a number of mutual agreements held by all shareholders inter se in accordance with ... the Companies Act. "



Essentially, the definition characterises the actions as a set of rights and obligations that are given to the shareholder in exchange for investing in the company. The shareholder does not have a legal or beneficial interest in the assets of the company, since a fundamental principle of company law is that the company is an independent legal entity. Instead, shareholders, by virtue of their ownership of the shares, are entitled to participate in accordance with the terms of the company's constitutional documents, provided that the company is a going concern, and they are entitled to participate in The assets of the company if and when the company ends.

Share Classes
Although share classes are more common in corporations, it is not uncommon for private corporations to issue shares of different kinds, especially as they flourish, to meet the needs of different stakeholders. For example, a limited liability company may wish to vary dividends payable to different shareholders, create non-voting shares for family members or redeemable preferred shares for employees.
Since Singapore law is flexible in creating share classes, there are no special restrictions on issuing shares with different rights. Share classes may refer to any name, such as "preferred shares" without voting rights, "management shares" with additional voting rights, "alphabetic shares" such as A shares and B shares. These share classes have no Legal definition, so that their associated rights would have to be defined in the Constitution, or in the Resolution that creates the particular class of actions.
Some typical classes of actions, and their associated rights, are:
• Ordinary Shares: Most companies hold common stock. These shares entitle (a) 1 vote per share, (b) participate equitably in dividends, and © a share in the surplus capital in the event of liquidation of the company.
• Non-voting shares: These shares do not have the right to attend general meetings or to vote. Preferred shares often do not have the right to vote. Non-voting shares are commonly issued to: (a) the employees of the company (so that part of their remuneration is paid as dividends as an incentive to employees), and (b) the principal members of the shareholders.
• Redeemable shares: These shares are issued under conditions that the company, or can, will buy at some future date. These shares entitle holders to the right to repay their capital either at a fixed date or at the company's option.
• Preferred shares: These shares have preemptive rights over ordinary shares, usually with respect to dividends (for example, fixed amount of dividends or, alternatively, participating in profits beyond the fixed dividend according to a fixed formula). These actions may also take priority over the return of capital on liquidation (but they are not entitled to participate in surplus capital). Often, preferred shares do not have voting rights and may be exchangeable.
• Deferred common shares: These are shares on which no dividend is paid until other classes have received a minimum payment.
• Management actions: These are shares that have additional voting rights, in order to allow certain shareholders to retain control of the company. Such shares are often used to allow the original founders of the company to maintain control after additional shares have been issued to outside investors
• "Participation in the alphabet": Some companies may wish to create different classes of ordinary shares (commonly called "Class A", "Class B", "Class C", etc.) To allow directors to pay different dividends on different shares), or to divide certain rights among shareholders.