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The optical network is a communication medium that uses signals encoded in the light to transmit information between several nodes of a telecommunications network. They operate from the limited scope of a local area network (LAN) or wide area network (WAN), which can cross metropolitan and regional areas to national, international and transoceanic distances. It is a form of optical communication that relies on optical amplifiers, laser or LED and wave division multiplexing (WDM) to transmit large amounts of data, usually through fiber optic cables. Because it is capable of achieving extremely high bandwidth, it is an enabling technology for today's Internet and communication networks that transmit the vast majority of all human and machine-to-machine information.
In a true photonic network, each switch and each repeater works with IR or visible light energy and the conversion to and from electrical impulses is only done at source and destination (source and end point). The electric current spreads about 10 percent of the speed of light (18,000 to 19,000 miles or 30,000 kilometers per second), while the energy in fiber-optic systems travels at the speed of light. This results in shorter data transmission delay times between the endpoints of a network. The maximum speed for data running on a single optical channel is about 10 Gbps, but higher speeds can be obtained by dividing a single optical cable into several channels.
Optical or IR data transmission has several other advantages over electrical transmission. Perhaps most importantly, the bandwidth increased considerably provided by the photon signals. Because the frequency of visible energy or IR is so high (in the order of millions of megahertz), thousands or millions of signals can be printed in a single beam by frequency division multiplexing (FDM). In addition, a single fiber strand can carry IR and / or visible light at several different wavelengths, each beam having its own set of modulation signals. This is known as wavelength division multiplexing (WDM).
