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INTRODUCTION
1.1 OVERVIEW OF SMART PHONE
In a nutshell, a smart phone is a device that lets you make calls, but also adds in features that you mind find on your personal digital assistant or a computer such as the ability to send
& receive e mail & edit office documents for example. But to really understand what a smart phone is (and is not), we should start with a history lesson. In the beginning there were Cell Phones & Personal Digital Assistant (PDA’s). Cell phones were used for making calls & not much else while the PDA’s like the palm pilot were used as personal portable organizers. A PDA could store your contact information & a to-do list & could synchronize with your computer. Eventually, PDA’s gained the wireless connectivity & was able to send & receive email. Cell phones, meanwhile gained messaging capabilities, too. PDA’s then added cellular features, while cell phone added more PDA like (& even computer) like features. The result was the Smart Phone. Thus a Smart Phone is a mobile phone that offers more advanced computing ability and connectivity than a contemporary basic 'feature phone'. Smart Phones and feature phones may be thought of as handheld computers integrated within a mobile telephone, but while most feature phones are able to run applications based on platforms such as BREW, a Smart Phone allows the user to install and run more advanced applications based on a specific platform. Smart Phones run complete operating system software providing a platform for application developers. According to a study by Com Score, in 2010 over 45.5 million people in the United States owned Smart Phones and it is the fastest growing segment of the mobile phone market, which comprised 234 million subscribers in the United States. A Smart-phone is the trend of unified communications which integrate telecom and Internet services onto a single device because it has combined the portability of cell-phones with the computing and networking power of PCs. As illustrated in Figure, Smart Phones as endpoints of both networks have connected the Internet and telecom networks together. Now a current high-end cell phone is equivalent to a low-end PC. It has a 100 Hz processor, many megabytes of flash memory, and a color display with a graphical user interface. These Smart Phones enable users to browse the Net with a touch of button. They switch to the web by hitting URL with a button on the phone. Smart phones run complete operating system software providing a platform for application developers. Growth in demand for advanced mobile devices boasting powerful processors, abundant memory, larger screens and open operating systems has outpaced the rest of the mobile phone market for several years.
CHAPTER2
HISTORY OF SMART PHONES
2.1 ORIGIN OF THE SMART PHONE
The first Smart Phone was called Simon; it was designed by IBM in 1992 and shown as a concept product that year at COMDEX, the computer industry trade show held in Las Vegas, Nevada. It was released to the public in 1993 and sold by BellSouth. Besides being a mobile phone, it also contained a calendar, address book, world clock, calculator, note pad, e-mail, send and receive fax, and games. It had no physical buttons to dial with. Instead customers used a touch-screen to select phone numbers with a finger or create facsimiles and memos with an optional stylus. Text was entered with a unique on-screen "predictive" keyboard. By today's standards, the Simon would be a fairly low-end product; however, its feature set at the time was incredibly advanced.
2.2 (SMART PHONES FROM 1996-2010)
The Nokia Communicator line was the first of Nokia's smart phones starting with the Nokia 9000, released in 1996. This distinctive palmtop computer style smart phone was the result of a collaborative effort of an early successful and expensive Personal digital assistant (PDA) by Hewlett Packard combined with Nokia's bestselling phone around that time, and early prototype models had the two devices fixed via a hinge. The Nokia 9210 was the first color screen Communicator model which was the first true smart phone with an open operating system; the 9500 Communicator was also Nokia's first camera phone Communicator and Nokia's first WiFi phone. The 9300 Communicator was the third dimensional shift into a smaller form factor, and the latest E90 Communicator includes GPS. The Nokia Communicator model is remarkable for also having been the most expensive phone model sold by a major brand for almost the full lifespan of the model series, easily 20% and sometimes 40% more expensive than the next most expensive Smart Phone by any major manufacturer. The concept phone GS88, released in 1997, was the first of Ericsson's smart phones. The GS88 was followed up by the touch screen Smart Phone R380 in 2000, the first device to use the new Symbian OS, and by the P800 in 2002, the first camera smart phone. In 2001 Microsoft announced its Windows CE Pocket PC OS would be offered as "Microsoft Windows Powered Smartphone 2002." Microsoft originally defined its Windows Smartphone products as lacking a touch screen and offering a lower screen resolution compared to its sibling Pocket PC devices. In early 2002 Handspring released the Palm OS Treo smart phone, utilizing a full keyboard that combined wireless web browsing, email, calendar, and contact organizer with mobile third-party applications that could be downloaded or synced with a computer. In 2002 RIM released the first BlackBerry which was the first smart phone optimized for wireless email use and had achieved a total customer base of 32 million subscribers by December 2009. In 2007, Apple Inc. introduced its first iPhone. It was initially expensive, costing $500, though it had a full touch screen and large finger-pressable icons which was revolutionary at the time. It also was the first mobile phone to contain a usable web browser - Arstechnica described it as "far superior to anything that we had ever used prior." At the time of the launch of the iPhone it was arguable whether it was actually a smart phone as the first generation lacked the ability to officially use third-party applications. A process called jail breaking emerged quickly to provide unofficial third-party applications. The first iPhone didn't have 3G support due to the lack of 3G network coverage in the United States at the time. Android, a cross platform OS for smart phones was released in 2008. Android is an Open Source platform backed by Google, along with major hardware and software developers (such as Intel, HTC, ARM, Motorola and eBay, to name a few), that form the Open Handset Alliance. The first phone to use the Android OS was the HTC Dream, branded for distribution by T-Mobile as the G1. The software suite included on the phone consists of integration with Google's proprietary applications, such as Maps, Calendar, and Gmail, as well as Google's Chrome Lite full HTML web browser. Third-party apps are available via the Android Market, including both free and paid apps. In July 2008 Apple introduced its second generation iPhone which had a lower upfront price and 3G support. It also created the App Store with both free and paid applications. The App Store can deliver smart phone applications developed by third parties directly to the iPhone or iPod Touch over wifi or cellular network without using a PC to download. The App Store has been a huge success for Apple and by April 2010 hosted more than 185,000 applications. The App Store hit three billion application downloads in early January 2010. Other platforms are able to download apps from any website, rather than only from a single app store; however, other companies have more recently launched their own app stores. RIM launched its app store, BlackBerry App World, in April 2009. Nokia launched its Ovi Store in May 2009. Palm launched its Palm App Catalog in June 2009. Microsoft launched its Windows Marketplace for Mobile in October 2009. In January 2010, Google launched Nexus One using its Android OS. Although Android OS has multi-touch capabilities, Google initially removed that feature from Nexus One, but it was added through a firmware update on February 2, 2010.
CHAPTER 3
SMART PHONE TECHNOLOGY
3.1 PROCESSOR
Keep in mind that a typical smart phone contains a number of hardware components, and there are many different ways of packaging these components. A smart phone would need an applications processor, but also a baseband chip (to connect with the 3G network), probably other communications chips (for Bluetooth, GPS functions, and Wi-Fi, for example), and possibly a separate graphics processor, along with memory for the base operating system, applications, and user data. Many of the component makers combine some of these functions, so the companies that make hardware mix and match to get the right combination for the phone they are making and the software they want it to run. Nearly every smart phone on the market contains an application processor based on processor cores from ARM. ARM doesn't make chips itself; instead, it creates intellectual property in the form of designed for processor cores, graphics, and memory connections. ARM's processor designs include the somewhat older ARM9 and ARM11 designs, and the more recent Cortex-A8 and Cortex-A9, which we are beginning to see in very fast chips, and even in chips with multiple cores. The company is pushing the Cortex-A9 for high-end smart phones, and Cortex-A5 for sub-$100 smart phones.
3.1.1 ARM Processor
The ARM is a 32-bit reduced instruction set computer (RISC) instruction set architecture (ISA) developed by ARM Holdings. It was known as the Advanced RISC Machine, and before that as the Acorn RISC Machine. The ARM architecture is the most widely used 32-bit ISA in terms of numbers produced. They were originally conceived as a processor for desktop personal computers by Acorn Computers, a market now dominated by the x86 family used by IBM PC compatible computers. The relative simplicity of ARM processors made them suitable for low power applications. This has made them dominant in the mobile and embedded electronics market as relatively low cost and small microprocessors and microcontrollers. As of 2007, about 98 percent of the more than one billion mobile phones sold each year use at least one ARM processor. As of 2009, ARM processors account for approximately 90% of all embedded 32-bit RISC processors. ARM processors are used extensively in consumer electronics, including PDAs, mobile phones, digital media and music players, hand-held game consoles, calculators and computer peripherals such as hard drives and routers. The ARM architecture is licensable. Companies that are current or former ARM licensees include Alcatel-Lucent, Apple Inc., Atmel, Broadcom, Cirrus Logic, Digital Equipment Corporation, Free scale, Intel (through DEC), LG, Marvell Technology Group, Microsoft, NEC, Nuvoton, NVIDIA, NXP (previously Philips), Oki, Qualcomm, Samsung, Sharp, STMicroelectronics, Symbios Logic, Texas Instruments, VLSI Technology, Yamaha and ZiiLABS. ARM processors are developed by ARM and by ARM licensees. Prominent examples of ARM Holdings ARM processor families include the ARM7, ARM9, ARM11 and Cortex. Examples of ARM processors developed by major licensees include DEC Strong ARM, Free scale i.MX, Marvell (formerly Intel) XScale, Nintendo, NVIDIA Tegra, ST-Ericsson Nomadik, Qualcomm Snapdragon, and the Texas Instruments OMAP product line. The ARM architecture includes the following RISC features:
 Uniform 16 × 32-bit register file.
 Fixed instruction width of 32 bits to ease decoding and pipelining, at the cost of decreased code density. Later, "Thumb mode" increased code density.
 Mostly single-cycle execution.
 Conditional execution of most instructions, reducing branch overhead and compensating for the lack of a branch predictor.
 Arithmetic instructions alter condition codes only when desired.
 32-bit barrel shifter which can be used without performance penalty with most arithmetic instructions and address calculations.
 Powerful indexed addressing modes.
 A page link register for fast leaf function calls.
 Simple, but fast, 2-priority-level interrupt subsystem with switched register banks.
3.2 QWERTY KEYPAD
The smart Phone are usually PDA’s .Many of the original PDAs, such as the Apple Newton and Palm Pilot, featured a touch screen for user interaction, having only a few buttons—usually reserved for shortcuts to often-used programs. Touch screen PDAs, including Windows Mobile devices, may have a detachable stylus to facilitate making selections. The user interacts with the device by tapping the screen to select buttons or issue commands, or by dragging a finger or the stylus on the screen to make selections or scroll.
Typical methods of entering text on touch screen PDAs include:
 A virtual keyboard, where a keyboard is shown on the touch screen. Text is entered by tapping the on-screen keyboard with a finger or stylus.
 An external keyboard connected via USB, Infrared, or Bluetooth. Some users may choose a chorded keyboard for one-handed use.
 Handwriting recognition, where letters or words are written on the touch screen, and the PDA converts the input to text. Recognition and computation of handwritten horizontal and vertical formulas, such as "1 + 2 =", may also be a feature.
 Stroke recognition allows the user to make a predefined set of strokes on the touch screen, sometimes in a special input area, representing the various characters to be input. The strokes are often simplified character shapes, making them easier for the device to recognize.