smart dust technology seminars report
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ABSTRACT
Advances in hardware technology has enabled very compact, autonomous and mobile nodes each having one or more sensors, computation and communication capabilities ,and a power supply. The Smart Dust project is exploring whether an autonomous sensing, computing, and communication system can be packed into a cubic-millimeter mote to form the basis of integrated, massively distributed sensor networks. It focuses on reduction of power consumption, size and cost. To build these small sensors, processors, communication devices, and power supply , designers have used the MEMS (Micro electro mechanical Systems) technology.
Smart Dust nodes otherwise known as motes are usually of the size of a grain of sand and each mote consists of :
1. sensors
2. transmitter & receiver enabling bidirectional wireless communication.
3. processors and control circuitory
4. power supply unit
Using smart dust nodes, the energy to acquire and process a sample and then transmit some data about it could be as small as a few nanoJoules.
These dust motes enable a lot of applications, because at these small dimensions ,these motes can be scattered from aircraft for battle field monitoring or can be stirred into house paint to create the ultimate home sensor network.


WHAT IS A SMART DUST

Autonomous sensing and communication in a cubic millimeter
Berkeleyâ„¢s Smart Dust project, led by Professors Pister and Kahn, explores the limits on size and power consumption in autonomous sensor nodes. Size reduction is paramount, to make the nodes as inexpensive and easy-to-deploy as possible. The research team is confident that they can incorporate the requisite sensing, communication, and computing hardware, along with a power supply, in a volume no more than a few cubic millimeters, while still achieving impressive performance in terms of sensor functionality and communications capability. These millimeter-scale nodes are called Smart Dust. It is certainly within the realm of possibility that future prototypes of Smart Dust could be small enough to remain suspended in air, buoyed by air currents, sensing and communicating for hours or days on end.
'Smart dust' ” sensor-laden networked computer nodes that are just cubic millimetres in volume. The smart dust project envisions a complete sensor network node, including power supply, processor, sensor and communications mechanisms, in a single cubic millimetre. .Smart dust motes could run for years , given that a cubic millimetre battery can store 1J and could be backed up with a solar cell or vibrational energy source
The goal of the Smart Dust project is to build a millimeter-scale sensing and communication platform for a massively distributed sensor network. This device will be around the size of a grain of sand and will contain sensors, computational ability, bi-directional wireless communications, and a power supply. Smart dust consists of series of circuit and micro-electro-mechanical systems (MEMS) designs to cast those functions into custom silicon. Microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) consist of extremely tiny mechanical elements, often integrated together with electronic circuitry.

THE MEMS TECHNOLOGY IN SMART DUST
Smart dust requires mainly revolutionary advances in miniaturization, integration & energy management. Hence designers have used MEMS technology to build small sensors, optical communication components, and power supplies. Microelectro mechanical systems consists of extremely tiny mechanical elements, often integrated together with electronic circuitory. They are measured in micrometers, that is millions of a meter. They are made in a similar fashion as computer chips. The advantage of this manufacturing process is not simply that small structures can be achieved but also that thousands or even millions of system elements can be fabricated simultaneously. This allows systems to be both highly complex and extremely low-cost.
Micro-Electro-Mechanical Systems (MEMS) is the integration of mechanical elements, sensors, actuators, and electronics on a common silicon substrate through microfabrication technology. While the electronics are fabricated using integrated circuit (IC) process sequences (e.g., CMOS, Bipolar processes), the micromechanical components are fabricated using compatible "micromachining" processes that selectively etch away parts of the silicon wafer or add new structural layers to form the mechanical and electromechanical devices. MEMS realizes a complete System On chip technology.
Microelectronic integrated circuits can be thought of as the "brains" of a system and allow microsystems to sense and control the environment. Sensors gather information from the environment through measuring mechanical, thermal, biological, chemical, optical, and magnetic phenomena. The electronics then process the information derived from the sensors and through some decision making capability direct the actuators to respond by moving, positioning, regulating, and filtering, thereby controlling the environment for some desired purpose. Because MEMS devices are manufactured using batch fabrication techniques similar to those used for integrated circuits, unprecedented levels of functionality, reliability, and sophistication can be placed on a small silicon chip at a relatively low cost. The deep insight of MEMS is as a new manufacturing technology, a way of making complex electromechanical systems using batch fabrication techniques similar to those used for integrated circuits, and uniting these electromechanical elements together with electronics.Historically, sensors and actuators are the most costly and unreliable part of a sensor-actuator-electronics system. MEMS technology allows these complex electromechanical systems to be manufactured using batch fabrication techniques, increasing the reliability of the sensors and actuators to equal that of integrated circuits. The performance of MEMS devices and systems is expected to be superior to macroscale components and systems, the price is predicted to be much lower.




SMART DUST TECHNOLOGY
Integrated into a single package are :-
1. MEMS sensors
2. MEMS beam steering mirror for active optical transmission
3. MEMS corner cube retroreflector for passive optical transmission
4. An optical receiver
5. Signal processing and control circuitory
6. A power source based on thick film batteries and solar cells
This remarkable package has the ability to sense and communicate and is self powered. A major challenge is to incorporate all these functions while maintaining very low power consumption.
¢ Sensors collect information from the environment such as light , sound, temperature ,chemical composition etc
¢ Smart dust employs 2 types of transmission schemes:-passive transmission using corner cube retroreflector to transmit to base stations and active transmission using a laser diode & steerable mirrors for mote to mote communication.
¢ The photo diode allows optical data reception
¢ Signal processing & control circuitory consists of analog I/O ,DSPs to control &process the incoming data
¢ The power system consists of a thick film battery,a solar cell with a charge integrating capacitor for a period of darkness.

OPERATION OF THE MOTE
The Smart Dust mote is run by a microcontroller that not only determines the tasks performed by the mote, but controls power to the various components of the system to conserve energy. Periodically the microcontroller gets a reading from one of the sensors, which measure one of a number of physical or chemical stimuli such as temperature, ambient light, vibration, acceleration, or air pressure, processes the data, and stores it in memory. It also occasionally turns on the optical receiver to see if anyone is trying to communicate with it. This communication may include new programs or messages from other motes. In response to a message or upon its own initiative the microcontroller will use the corner cube retroreflector or laser to transmit sensor data or a message to a base station or another mote.
The primary constraint in the design of the Smart Dust motes is volume, which in turn puts a severe constraint on energy since we do not have much room for batteries or large solar cells. Thus, the motes must operate efficiently and conserve energy whenever possible. Most of the time, the majority of the mote is powered off with only a clock and a few timers running. When a timer expires, it powers up a part of the mote to carry out a job, then powers off. A few of the timers control the sensors that measure one of a number of physical or chemical stimuli such as temperature, ambient light, vibration, acceleration, or air pressure. When one of these timers expires, it powers up the corresponding sensor, takes a sample, and converts it to a digital word. If the data is interesting, it may either be stored directly in the SRAM or the microcontroller is powered up to perform more complex operations with it. When this task is complete, everything is again powered down and the timer begins counting again.
Another timer controls the receiver. When that timer expires, the receiver powers up and looks for an incoming packet. If it doesn't see one after a certain length of time, it is powered down again. The mote can receive several types of packets, including ones that are new program code that is stored in the program memory. This allows the user to change the behavior of the mote remotely. Packets may also include messages from the base station or other motes. When one of these is received, the microcontroller is powered up and used to interpret the contents of the message. The message may tell the mote to do something in particular, or it may be a message that is just being passed from one mote to another on its way to a particular destination. In response to a message or to another timer expiring, the microcontroller will assemble a packet containing sensor data or a message and transmit it using either the corner cube retroreflector or the laser diode, depending on which it has. The laser diode contains the onboard laser which sends signals to the base station by blinking on and off. The corner cube retroreflector , transmits information just by moving a mirror and thus changing the reflection of a laser beam from the base station.
This technique is substantially more energy efficient than actually generating some radiation. With the laser diode and a set of beam scanning mirrors, we can transmit data in any direction desired, allowing the mote to communicate with other Smart Dust motes.



COMMUNICATING WITH A SMART DUST
COMMUNICATING FROM A GRAIN OF SAND
Smart Dustâ„¢s full potential can only be attained when the sensor nodes communicate with one another or with a central base station. Wireless communication facilitates simultaneous data collection from thousands of sensors. There are several options for communicating to and from a cubic-millimeter computer.
Radio-frequency and optical communications each have their strengths and weaknesses. Radio-frequency communication is well under-stood, but currently requires minimum power levels in the multiple milliwatt range due to analog mixers, filters, and oscillators. If whisker-thin antennas of centimeter length can be accepted as a part of a dust mote, then reasonably efficient antennas can be made for radio-frequency communication. While the smallest complete radios are still on the order of a few hundred cubic millimeters, there is active work in the industry to produce cubic-millmeter radios.
Moreover RF techniques cannot be used because of the following disadvantages :-
1. Dust motes offer very limited space for antennas, thereby demanding extremely short wavelength (high frequency transmission). Communication in this regime is not currently compatible with low power operation of the smart dust.
2. Furthermore radio transceivers are relatively complex circuits making it difficult to reduce their power consumption to required microwatt levels.
3. They require modulation, band pass filtering and demodulation circuitory.
So an attractive alternative is to employ free space optical transmission. Studies have shown that when a line of sight path is available , well defined free space optical links require significantly lower energy per bit than their RF counterpaths.
There are several reasons for power advantage of optical links.
1. Optical transceivers require only simple baseband analog and digital circuitory .
2. No modulators,active band pass filters or demodulators are needed.
3. The short wavelength of visible or near infra red light (of the order of 1 micron) makes it possible for a millimeter scale device to emit a narrow beam (ie, high antenna gain can be achieved).
As another consequence of this short wavelength , a Base Station Transceiver (BTS) equipped with a compact imaging receiver can decode the simultaneous transmissions from a large number of dust motes from different locations within the receiver field of view , which is a form of space division multiplexing. Successful decoding of these simultaneous transmissions requires that dust motes not block one anotherâ„¢s line of sight to the BTS. Such blockage is unlikely in view of dust moteâ„¢s small size.
Semiconductor lasers and diode receivers are intrinsically small, and the corresponding transmission and detection circuitry for on/off keyed optical communication is more amenable to low-power operation than most radio schema. Perhaps most important, optical power can be collimated in tight beams even from small apertures. Diffraction enforces a fundamental
limit on the divergence of a beam, whether it comes from an antenna or a lens. Laser pointers are cheap examples of milliradian collimation from a millimeter aperture. To get similar collimation for a 1-GHz radio-frequency signal would require an antenna 100 meters across, due to the difference in wavelength of the two transmissions. As a result, optical transmitters of millimeter size can get antenna gains of one million or more, while similarly sized radio-frequency antennas are doomed by physics to be mostly isotropic.
Collimated optical communication has two major drawbacks. Line of sight is required for all but the shortest distances, and narrow beams imply the need for accurate pointing. Of these, the pointing accuracy can be solved by MEMS technology and clever algorithms, but an optical transmitter under a leaf or in a shirt pocket is of little use to anyone. We have chosen to explore optical communication in some depth due to the potential for extreme low-power communication.


OPTICAL COMMUNICATIONS
We have explored two approaches to optical communications: passive reflective systems and active-steered laser systems. In a passive communication system, the dust mote does not require an onboard light source. Instead, a special configuration of mirrors can either reflect or not reflect light to a remote source.
Passive reflective systems
The passive reflective communication is obtained by a special device called CCR (Corner cube retro reflector) consists of three mutually orthogonal mirrors. Light enters the CCR, bounces off each of the three mirrors, and is reflected back parallel to the direction it entered. In the MEMS version, the device has one mirror mounted on a spring at an angle slightly askew from perpendicularity to the other mirrors.
In this position, because the light entering the CCR does not return along the same entry path, little light returns to the source”a digital 0. Applying voltage between this mirror and an electrode beneath it causes the mirror to shift to a position perpendicular to other mirrors, thus causing the light entering the CCR to return to its source”a digital 1. The mirror™s low mass allows the CCR to switch between these two states up to a thousand times per second, using less than a nanojoule per 01 transition. A 10 transition, on the other hand, is practically free because dumping the charge stored on the electrode to the ground requires almost no energy. Our latest Smart Dust device is a 63-mm3 autonomous bidirectional communication mote that receives an optical signal, generates a pseudorandom sequence based on this signal to emulate sensor data, and then optically transmits the result. The system contains a micromachined corner-cube reflector, a 0.078-mm3 CMOS chip that draws 17 microwatts, and a hearing aid battery. In addition to a battery based operation, we have also powered the device using a 2-mm2 solar cell. This mote demonstrates Smart Dust™s essential concepts, such as optical data transmission, data processing, energy management, miniaturization, and system integration.
A passive communication system suffers several limitations. Unable to communicate with each other, motes rely on a central station equipped with a light source to send and receive data from other motes. If a given mote does have a clear line of sight to the central station, that mote will be isolated from the network. Also, because the CCR reflects only a small fraction of the light emitted from the base station, this systemâ„¢s range cannot easily extend beyond 1 kilometer. To circumvent these limitations, dust motes must be active and have their own onboard light source.
Active-steered laser systems
For mote-to-mote communication, an active-steered laser communication system uses an onboard light source to send a tightly collimated light beam toward an intended receiver. Steered laser communication has the advantage of high power density; for example, a 1-milliwatt laser radiating into 1 milliradian (3.4 arcseconds) has a density of approximately 318 kilowatts per steradian (there are 4 steradians in a sphere), as opposed to a 100-watt lightbulb that radiates 8 watts per steradian isotropically. A Smart Dust moteâ„¢s emitted beam would have a divergence of approximately 1 milliradian, permitting communication over enormous distances using milliwatts of power. Each mote must carefully weigh the needs to sense, compute, communicate, and evaluate its energy reserve status before allocating precious nanojoules of energy to turn on its transmitter or receiver. Because these motes spend most of their time sleeping, with their receivers turned off, scheduling a common awake time across the network is difficult. If motes donâ„¢t wake up in a synchronized manner, a highly dynamic network topology and large packet latency result. Using burstmode communication, in which the laser operates at up to several tens of megabits per second for a few milliseconds, provides the most energy-efficient way to schedule this network. This procedure minimizes the moteâ„¢s duty cycle and better utilizes its energy reserves. The steered agile laser transmitter consists of a semiconductor diode laser coupled with a collimating lens and MEMS beam-steering optics based on a two degree-of-freedom silicon micromirror. This system integrates all optical components into an active 8-mm3 volume as the figure shows

CORNER CUBE RETROREFLECTOR
These MEMS structure makes it possible for dust motes to use passive optical transmission techniques ie, to transmit modulated optical signals without supplying any optical power. It comprises of three mutually perpendicular mirrors of gold-coated polysilicon. The CCR has the property that any incident ray of light is reflected back to the source (provided that it is incident within a certain range of angles centered about the cubeâ„¢s body diagonal).If one of the mirrors is misaligned , this retroreflection property is spoiled. The microfabricated CCR contains an electrostatic actuator that can deflect one of the mirrors at kilohertz rate. It has been demonstrated that a CCR illuminated by an external light source can transmit back a modulated signal at kilobits per second. Since the dust mote itself does not emit light , passive transmitter consumes little power. Using a microfabricated CCR, data transmission at a bit rate upto 1 kilobit per second and upto a range of 150 mts ,using a 5 milliwattt illuminating laser is possible.
It should be emphasized that CCR based passive optical links require an uninterrupted line of sight. The CCR based transmitter is highly directional. A CCR can transmit to the BTS only when the CCR body diagonal happens to point directly towards the BTS, within a few tens of degrees. A passive transmitter can be made more omnidirectional by employing several CCRs ,oriented in different directions , at the expense of increased dust mote size.

The figure illustrates free space optical network utilizing the CCR based passive uplink. The BTS contains a laser whose beam illuminates an area containing dust motes. This beam can be modulated with downlink data including commands to wake up and query the dust motes. When the illuminating beam is not modulated , the dust motes can use their CCRs to transmit uplink data back to the base station. A high frame rate CCD video camera at the BTS sees the CCR signals as lights blinking on and off. It decodes these blinking images to yield the uplink data. Analysis show that this uplink scheme achieves several kilobits per second over hundreds of metres in full sunlight. At night ,in clear ,still air ,the range should extend to several kilometres. Because the camera uses an imaging process to separate the simultaneous transmissions from dust motes at different locations, we say it uses Ëœspace division multiplexingâ„¢. The ability for a video camera to resolve these transmissions is the consequence of the short wavelength of visible or near infra red light. This does not require any coordination among the dust motes.

ACTIVE OPTICAL TRANSMITTERS
When the application requires dust motes to use active optical transmitters , MEMS technology can be used to assemble a semiconductor laser, a collimating lens, and a beam steering micro mirror. Active transmitters make possible peer to peer communication between dust motes, provided there exists a line of path of sight between them. Power consumption imposes a trade off between bandwidth and range. The dust motes can communicate over long distances at low data rates or higher bit rates over shorter distances. The relatively higher power consumption of semiconductor lasers dictates that these active transmitters be used for short duration burst mode communication only. Sensor network using active dust mote transmitters will require some protocol for dust motes to aim their beams towards the receiving parties.

LISTENING TO A DUST FIELD
Many Smart Dust applications rely on direct optical communication from an entire field of dust motes to one or more base stations. These base stations must therefore be able to receive a volume of simultaneous optical transmissions. Further, communication must be possible outdoors in bright sunlight which has an intensity of approximately 1 kilowatt per square meter, although the dust motes each transmit information with a few milliwatts of power. Using a narrow-band optical filter to eliminate all sunlight except the portion near the light frequency used for communication can partially solve this second problem, but the ambient optical power often remains much stronger than the received signal power.
Advantages of imaging receivers
As with the transmitter, the short wavelength of optical transmissions compared with radio frequency overcomes both challenges. Light from a large field of view field can be focused into an image, as in our eyes or in a camera. Imaging receivers utilize this to analyze different portions of the image separately to process simultaneous transmissions from different angles. This method of distinguishing transmissions based on their originating location is referred to as space division multiple access (SDMA). In contrast, most radio-frequency antennas receive all incident radio power in a single signal, which requires using additional tactics, such as frequency tuning or code division multiple access (CDMA), to separate simultaneous transmissions.
Imaging receivers also offer the advantage of dramatically decreasing the ratio of ambient optical power to received signal power.Ideally, the imaging receiver will focus all of the received power from a single transmission onto a single photodetector. If the receiver has an n n array of pixels, then the ambient light that each pixel receives is reduced by a factor n2 compared with a nonimaging receiver.

Video camera.
A video camera is a straightforward implementation of an imaging receiver. If each member in a colony of Smart Dust motes flashes its own signal at a rate of a few bits per second, then each transmitter will appear in the video stream at a different location in the image. Using a high-speed camera and a dedicated digital signal processor to process the video signal achieves higher data rates. With modern cameras and DSPs, processing video at about 1,000 frames per second should be feasible. This would allow communication at a few hundred bits per second, which is acceptable for many applications. An alternative receiver architecture provides a more elegant solution at much higher data rates, avoiding the need for computationally intensive video processing and very high speed cameras. Integrating an imaging receiver onto a single microchip imposes severe constraints in silicon area and power consumption per pixel. Only recently have continuing reductions in transistor size allowed for sufficient reductions in circuit area and power consumption to achieve this level of integration.


CORE FUNCTIONALITY SPECIFICATION
Choose the case of military base monitoring wherein on the order of a thousand Smart Dust motes are deployed outside a base by a micro air vehicle to monitor vehicle movement. The motes can be used to determine when vehicles were moving, what type of vehicle it was, and possibly how fast it was travelling. The motes may contain sensors for vibration, sound, light, IR, temperature, and magnetization. CCRs will be used for transmission, so communication will only be between a base station and the motes, not between motes. A typical operation for this scenario would be to acquire data, store it for a day or two, then upload the data after being interrogated with a laser. However, to really see what functionality the architecture needed to provide and how much reconfigurability would be necessary, an exhaustive list of the potential activities in this scenario was made. The operations that the mote must perform can be broken down into two categories: those that provoke an immediate action and those that reconfigure the mote to affect future behavior.
Proposed Architecture
Looking through the functional specifications for the core, we realized that each operation is regulated by a timed event; hence a bank of timers forms the basis of the architecture. For minimum energy, a direct mapping of a particular function into hardware is generally best, but from the list of specifications it was clear that a certain amount of reconfigurability would be necessary. Thus, the timers enable setup memories that configure functional blocks into data paths that provide only the capabilities necessary for that event. These paths are data-driven so that functional blocks are only powered up when their inputs are ready, minimizing standby power and glitching. A block diagram of this new architecture is shown in the figure

The next figure details a section of the timer bank and setup memory. The timer is loaded from the timer value memory, setting its period. When the timer expires, it enables setupmemory 1, which configures the data path to perform the desired function. When the data path has finished its operation, setup memory 1 will release its configuration and yeither the timer value can be loaded into the timer and thecountdown restarted or setup memory 2 can be enabled.
Setup memory 2 will then configure the data path for another operation, thus facilitating multiple operations per timer event. Additional setup memory can be added for more involved sequences. Memory holds certain timer-independent configuration bits, such as timer enables. The sensor registers are used to store previous sensor readings to use in computing data changes. Various computation blocks can be included in the data path, such as an adder, comparator, and FFT unit.

Multiple timer periods are desirable for several situations. For example, one might want to sample a sensor at a slow rate until an interesting signal is detected. At that point, the sampling rate should increase. In addition, the motes might be deployed without anyone coming back to talk to them for a day, so it would be desirable to be able to set the receiver wake-up timer to not wake-up for 24 hours, but then it should decrease the period dramatically to 10â„¢s of seconds in case one doesnâ„¢t make it back to talk to the mote at exactly the right time. The proposed architecture facilitates this by providing multiple timer values that can be loaded into the timer depending on the results of the data path computation.
Another feature of this architecture is energy-driven operation modes. An energy-monitoring unit selects between multiple banks of setup memory and timer values depending on the current level of the energy stores. Each bank can have different timer periods and algorithms to control energy expenditure. Two types of packets can be sent to the mote, corresponding to the two types of operations. Immediate mode operations use the packet body to configure the data path right away. Reconfiguration operations load the packet body into the setup memory for future configuration.
The following figure shows the functional blocks included in the reconfigurable data path.

For the communications back end, there is a data recovery block, timing recovery block, FIR filter, packet encoder that does bits stuffing and adds the flag byte, packet decoder that does bit unstuffing, CRC block, and a FIFO. Incoming packets are stored in the FIFO until the CRC can be verified, at which point the packet body will be used as described above. The global memory holds certain timer-independent configuration bits, such as timer enables. The sensor registers are used to store previous sensor readings to use in computing data changes. Various computation blocks can be included in the data path, such as an adder, comparator, and FFT unit.
All of the functional units in the data path are data driven. The setup memory only powers up and enables the first set of units that are needed, such as the sensor and ADC. Once these units have done their job, they assert a done signal that is routed, based on the configuration memory, to the next unit, such as the adder, and powers it up and enables it. Likewise, when this unit has finished its job, it will power up and enable the next device in the chain. The last unit in the path will cause the timer to reload its value and cause the setup memory to stop configuring the data path. The advantages of this data driven technique include minimizing the standby power by keeping components powered down until exactly when they are needed, and ensuring that the inputs are stable before the next device is powered up, which minimizes glitches. It is significant to note that since this architecture does not use shared busses as in traditional microcontrollers, the functional components can be configured for certain parallel operations. For example, a sensor reading could be both stored in SRAM and transmitted with the CCR, although this is not necessarily a desirable capability.


PERFORMING A TASK

Figure 5 delineates the operation of the architecture by showing the configuration for one of the most common tasks, acquiring sensor data, checking if it has changed more than a threshold value, then storing the result to memory. One potential hazard of this architecture is that the done signals can glitch as the blocks are powered up, which would provide a false trigger to the next stage. A second issue is that despite the fact that the blocks are powered down, the internal nodes do not discharge immediately. An advantage of this is that less charge will be needed when the block is powered up again. However, this stored charge will also allow the block to continue to drive its outputs despite being powered down, so the outputs will generally need tri-state buffers. These hazards will require some extra work at the circuit level to make this architecture work.
Hspice simulations were used simulations were used to determine the power and energy consumptions of some of the blocks to study the feasibility of the proposed architecture. The preliminary results of Hspice simulations show that it is possible to achieve atleast two orders of magnitude lower energy consumption, with this proposed architecture.
MAJOR CHALLENGES
1. To incorporate all these functions while maintaining a low power consumption
2. Maximising operating life given the limited volume of energy storage
3. The functionality can be achieved only if the total power consumption is limited to microwatt levels.
4. An unbroken line of sight of path should be available for free space optical links.


APPLICATIONS
1. Civil and military applications where chemical & biological agents in a battle field are detected.
2. Virtual keyboard Glue a dust mote on each of your fingernails. Accelerometers will sense the orientation and motion of each of your fingertips, and talk to the computer in your watch. Combined with a MEMS augmented-reality heads-up display, your entire computer I/O would be invisible to the people around you.
3. Inventory Control Smart office spaces The Center for the Built Environment has fabulous plans for the office of the future in which environmental conditions are tailored to the desires of every individual. Maybe soon we'll all be wearing temperature, humidity, and environmental comfort sensors sewn into our clothes, continuously talking to our workspaces which will deliver conditions tailored to our needs.
4. Individual dust motes can be attached to the objects one wishes to monitor or a large no: of dust motes may be dispersed in the environment randomly.
5. Dust motes may be used in places where wired sensors are unusable or may lead to errors. Eg:- Instrumentation of semiconductor processing chambers,wind tennels, rotating machinery etc.
6. May be used in biological research eg:- to monitor movements & internal processes of insects.


HOW FAR THEY HAVE BEEN IMPLEMENTED
1. The optical receiver for the smart dust project is being developed. The receiver senses incoming laser transmissions at up to 1Mbit/s, for a power consumption of 12µW. Although this is too high for continuous use in smart dust, it is a reasonable figure for the download of small amounts of data such as a 1Kbit program.
2. For data transmission, the team is using corner cube retro-reflectors (CCRs) built using MEMS techniques. CCRs are produced by placing three mirrors at right angles to each other to form the corner of a box that has been silvered inside.
The key property of a CCR is that light entering it is reflected back along the path it entered on. For the smart dust system, the CCR is being built on a MEMS process with the two vertical sides being assembled by hand. When a light is shone into the CCR, it reflects back to the sending position. By modulating the position of one of the mirrors, the reflected beam can be modulated, producing a low-energy passive transmission.
3. The analog-digital convertor (ADC) the 8bit ADC, has so far demonstrated with an input range of 1V, equal to the power supply, and a 70kHz sampling rate. The converter draws 1.8µW when sampling at that rate, or 27pJ for an 8bit sample.
4. The latest smart dust mote, with a volume of just 16cu mm, has been tested. It takes samples from a photo-detector, transmits their values with the CCR and runs off solar cells. So smart dust is on the way.

SUMMARY
Smart dust is made up of thousands of sand-grain-sized sensors that can measure ambient light and temperature. The sensors -- each one is called a "mote" -- have wireless communications devices attached to them, and if you put a bunch of them near each other, they'll network themselves automatically.
These sensors, which would cost pennies each if mass-produced, could be plastered all over office buildings and homes. Each room in an office building might have a hundred or even a thousand light- and temperature-sensing motes, all of which would tie into a central computer that regulates energy usage in the building.
Taken together, the motes would constitute a huge sensor network of smart dust, a network that would give engineers insight into how energy is used and how it can be conserved. In a dust-enabled building, computers would turn off lights and climate control in empty rooms. During peak energy usage times, air conditioners that cool servers -- which drain a lot of the tech world's power -- would be automatically shut off, and then turned on again if the servers get too hot. Thus it can very lead to worldâ„¢s energy conservation solutions.

REFERENCES
1. P.B.Chu , KSJ Pister “ optical communication using micro corner cube reflectors 10th IEEE Int™l Workshop on Micro Electro Mechanical Systems
2. J . Kahn , R.H.Katz, KSJ Pister “ Mobile Networking for Smart Dust
3. eecs.berkerly.edu

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I extend my sincere thanks to Prof. P.V.Abdul Hameed, Head of the Department for providing me with the guidance and facilities for the Seminar.
I express my sincere gratitude to Seminar coordinator
Mr. Berly C.J, Staff in charge, for their cooperation and guidance for preparing and presenting this seminars.
I also extend my sincere thanks to all other faculty members of Electronics and Communication Department and my friends for their support and encouragement.
ANUJA MONI

CONTENTS
¢ WHAT IS A SMART DUST
¢ THE MEMS TECHNOLOGY IN SMART DUST
¢ SMART DUST TECHNOLOGY
¢ OPERATION OF THE MOTE
¢ COMMUNICATING WITH A SMART DUST
¢ OPTICAL COMMUNICATIONS
¢ LISTENING TO A DUST FIELD
¢ CORE FUNCTIONALITY SPECIFICATION PERFORMING A TASK
¢ MAJOR CHALLENGES
¢ APPLICATIONS
¢ HOW FAR THEY HAVE BEEN IMPLEMENTED
¢ SUMMARY
¢ REFERENCES
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read http://studentbank.in/report-smart-dust-...d-Abstract for more about smart dust information
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Seminar on SMART DUST

Presented By:KUSHAL R
Dept of CSE,VKIT A
1VK06cs018

Introduction
Architecture
Communication Technologies
Challenges
Applications of Smart dust
Conclusion
Introduction

Smart dust is a tiny dust size electronic device.
Individual sensors of smart dust are often referred to as motes.
Often called micro electro-mechanical sensors(MEMS).
Combines sensing, computing, wireless communication capabilities and autonomous power supply.
So small and light in weight that they can remain suspended in the environment.


They can monitor the environment for light, sound, temperature, chemical composition and a wide range of other information.
Present cost of individual motes $50 each, dropping below $1 per mote in the near future.
The smart dust concept was introduced by Kristofer S. J. Pister (University of California) in 2001.

Smart Dust Mote

Architecture
A single Smart Dust mote has:
A semiconductor laser diode and MEMS beam steering mirror for active optical transmission.
A MEMS corner cube retro-reflector (CCR) for passive optical transmission.
An optical receiver.
A signal processing and control circuitry.
A power source based on thick-film batteries and solar cells.


Corner Cube Retro-reflector(CCR)

Comprises of three mutually perpendicular mirrors of gold-coated poly-silicon.
Has the property that any incident ray of light is reflected back to the source provided that it is incident within a certain range of angles centered about the cubeâ„¢s body diagonal.
The micro-fabricated CCR includes an electrostatic actuator that can deflect one of the mirrors at kilohertz rates.



Thus the external light source can be transmitted back in the form of modulated signal at kilobits per second.
CCR-based passive optical links require an uninterrupted line-of-sight path.
CCR can transmit to the BTS only when the CCR body diagonal happens to point directly toward the BTS, within a few tens of degrees.
A passive transmitter can be made more omni-directional by employing several CCRs oriented in different directions, at the expense of increased dust mote size.

Communication Technologies

Radio Frequency Transmission
Optical transmission technique
a) Passive Laser based Communication
b) Active Laser based Communication
c) Fiber Optic Communication

Radio Frequency Transmission

Based on the generation, propagation and detection of electromagnetic waves with a frequency range from tens of kHz to hundreds of GHz.
Multiplexing techniques: time, frequency or code-division multiplexing.
Their use leads to modulation, band pass filtering, demodulation circuitry, and additional circuitry, all of which needs to be considered, based on power consumption.
Problems with RF Transmission
Large size of antenna.
RF communication can only be achieved by using time, frequency or code division.
TDMA, FDMA, and CDMA have their own complications.
Optical transmission technique Passive Laser based communication
Downlink communication (BST to dust)- the base station points a modulated laser beam at a node.Dust uses a simple optical receiver to decode the incoming message.
Uplink communication (dust to BST)- the base station points an un-modulated laser beam at a node, which in turn modulates and reflects back the beam to the BST.
Advantages
Optical transceivers require only simple base band analog and digital circuitry; no modulators, active band pass filters or demodulators are needed.
The short wavelength of visible or near-infrared light (of the order of 1 micron) makes it possible for a millimeter-scale device to emit a narrow beam.
The CCR makes make it possible for dust motes to use passive optical transmission techniques.
A base-station transceiver (BTS) equipped with a compact imaging receiver can decode the simultaneous transmissions.
Limitations
Is a single-hop network topology.
Communication may suffer from variable delays if the laser beam is not already pointing at a node that is subject to communication with the BST.
Active Laser Based communication
Has a semiconductor laser, a collimating lens and a beam-steering micro-mirror.
Uses an active-steered laser-diode based transmitter to send a collimated laser beam to a base station .
Suitable for peer-to-peer communication, provided there exist a line of sight path between the motes.
Advantages

One can form multi-hop networks using active laser based communication.
Burst-mode communication provides the most energy-efficient way to schedule the multi-hop network.
The active laser-diode transmitter operates at up to several tens of megabits per second for a few milliseconds.

Disadvantages

Relatively high power consumption .
Thus can be used only for a short duration burst-mode communication.
Components like active beam-steering mechanism makes the design of the dust mote more complicated.
Fiber Optic communication
Employs semiconductor laser, fiber cable and diode receiver to generate, transfer and detect the optical signal.
Similar to passive optical comm..
Relatively small size of the optical transceiver is employed with low-power operation.
CCR employed on each Dust mote to modulate uplink data to base station.

Advantages

Does not require unbroken line-of-sight and the page link directionality.
Each dust mote does not need to employ more than one CCR.
Comm.. between dust motes and a base station can be guaranteed.
It has a longer range of communication page link than that of a free space passive optical communication.

Limitations

Optical fiber cables restrict the mobility of dust mote.
Since a base station should employ several optical components for fiber connection to each dust mote, it may complicate base station design.
Challenges
The hardware design has to face many challenges due to the small size of the Smart Dust.
The energy requirements are also high.
Communication between dust motes requires complicated technology.
Cost now about $50 - $100 per sensor
Memory is only of hundreds KB.
Applications
To monitor temperature or humidity.
A forest service could use smart dust to monitor for fires in a forest.
To track enemy movements, detect poisonous gas. (Military applications).
To detect traffic flow.
Can monitor the condition of machinery.
Health Monitoring.
Conclusion

There are many ongoing researches on Smart Dust, the main purpose of these researches is to make Smart Dust mote as small as possible and to make it available at as low price as possible. Soon we will see Smart Dust being used in varied application.

Thank You!
Reply
#3
please send me images of the above abstract today only. ASAP
Reply
#4
please read http://studentbank.in/report-smart-dust-full-report and http://studentbank.in/report-smart-dust-...ars-report and http://studentbank.in/report-smart-dust-...d-abstract for getting more information of smartdust seminar report and presentation
Reply
#5
I want more information about smart dust processing in lattest year......
Reply
#6
[attachment=3569]

SMART DUST
SUBMITTED BY
S SRIJITH



INTRODUCTION

What is Smart Dust
What are its components
How it is implemented
What are its applications
What are its advantages


What is smart dust

Smart Dust is a self-contained network of tiny motes each having the capability of sensing and monitoring the environment conditions.
First devoloped by professor Kris Pister at the University of California, Berkeley



Motes

They are tiny particles which will be around the size of a grain of sand
They contain sensors which have the computational capability, power supply, programmable microprocessor, analog circuitry
A network of these motes leads to SMART DUST project
Can communicate with a base station or with other motes depending on the application


Base Station Transceiver

It is used to retrieve the data stored by the motes
It consists of a laser source and a receiver
Enables communication with the motes


Requirements

Power
Sensors
Efficient Communication


Components

Sensors
Corner Cube Retro-reflector (Passive Transmitter)
Active Transmitter
Photo detector
Solar cell, DSP, Analog I/O, Power Capacitor, Thick Film Battery


Implementation

Sensors monitors the atmosphere
Communication can be of two types:
Active Communication and Passive
Communication



Active Communication

It consists of an onboard laser, collimating lens, beam steering mirror
Active Communication can be used for mote-to-mote communication if required
High power Density but high power consumption


Passive Communication

Corner Cube Retro-Reflector
Base Station with a Receiver and a laser source
Enables Bi-directional Communication
Line of Sight required
It consists of a photo detector in order to detect the signal and receive it
The DSP (digital signal processor) is used to process signals received.
Power
It consists of a lithium battery
Key constraint in the design of a mote
The battery and Capacitor can store upto1J/cubic mm and 10mJ/ cubic mm
It contains a timer which monitors the operation of a mote


Applications

Military Applications
Medical Applications
Climate monitoring
Virtual Keyboard
Structure Maintenance



Advantages

Good Functionality
Small Size
Better Connectivity
Low Cost

THANK YOU
Reply
#7
Smart Dust is an emerging technology made up from tiny, wireless sensors or motes. Eventually, these devices will be smart enough to talk with other sensors yet small enough to fit on the head of a pin. Each mote is a tiny computer with a power supply, one or more sensors, and a communication system

read full report of smart dust
http://uhisrcFTB/Smart%20Dust/Smart%20Dust%20brief%5B1%5D-Doug%2005.doc
Reply
#8
Smart Dust
Abstract

"Smart dust" devices are tiny wireless microelectromechanical sensors (MEMS) that can detect everything from light to vibrations.The idea is to combine communication, computation, and sensing into a single tiny package.Due to recent breakthroughs in silicon and fabrication techniques, these "motes" could eventually be the size of a grain of sand, though each would contain sensors, computing circuits, bidirectional wireless communications technology and a power supply. Motes would gather scads of data, run computations and communicate that information using two-way band radio between motes at distances approaching 1,000 feet. Potential commercial applications are varied, ranging from catching manufacturing defects by sensing out-of-range vibrations in industrial equipment to tracking patient movements in a hospital room
Reply
#9
[attachment=4667]
"Smart dust"
abstract



"Smart dust" devices are tiny wireless microelectromechanical sensors (MEMS) that can detect everything from light to vibrations. Thanks to recent breakthroughs in silicon and fabrication techniques, these "motes" could eventually be the size of a grain of sand, though each would contain sensors, computing circuits, bidirectional wireless communications technology and a power supply. Motes would gather scads of data, run computations and communicate that information using two-way band radio between motes at distances approaching 1,000 feet.

Potential commercial applications are varied, ranging from catching manufacturing defects by sensing out-of-range vibrations in industrial equipment to tracking patient movements in a hospital room. Autonomous sensing and communication in a cubic millimeter Berkeley’s Smart Dust project, led by Professors Pister and Kahn, explores the limits on size and power consumption in autonomous sensor nodes. Size reduction is paramount, to make the nodes as inexpensive and easy-to-deploy as possible. The research team is confident that they can incorporate the requisite sensing, communication, and computing hardware, along with a power supply, in a volume no more than a few cubic millimeters, while still achieving impressive performance in terms of sensor functionality and communications capability.

These millimeter-scale nodes are called “Smart Dust.” It is certainly within the realm of possibility that future prototypes of Smart Dust could be small enough to remain suspended in air, buoyed by air currents, sensing and communicating for hours or days on end.
'Smart dust' — sensor-laden networked computer nodes that are just cubic millimetres in volume. The smart dust project envisions a complete sensor network node, including power supply, processor, sensor and communications mechanisms, in a single cubic millimetre.

Reply
#10
[attachment=4979]
Smart dust
ABSTRACT
Smart dust is a tiny dust size device with extra- ordinary capabilities. Smart dust combines sensing, computing, wireless communication capabilities and autonomous power supply within volume of only few millimeters and that too at low cost. These devices are proposed to be so small and light in weight that they can remain suspended in the environment like an ordinary dust particle. These properties of Smart Dust will render it useful in monitoring real world phenomenon without disturbing the original process to an observable extents. Presently the achievable size of Smart Dust is about 5mm cube, but we hope that it will eventually be as small as a speck of dust.

INTRODUCTION
Smart dust is a tiny dust size device with extra ordinary capabilities. Smart dust combines sensing, computing, wireless communication capabilities and autonomous power supply within volume of only few millimeters and that too at low cost. These devices are proposed to be so small and light in weight that they can remain suspended in the environment like an ordinary dust particle. These properties of Smart Dust will render it useful in monitoring real world phenomenon without disturbing the original process to an observable extends. Presently the achievable size of Smart Dust is about 5mm cube, but we hope that it will eventually be as small as a speck of dust. Individual sensors of smart dust are often referred to as motes because of their small size. These devices are also known as MEMS, which stands for micro electro-mechanical systems.
Reply
#11
Smile 
[attachment=6257]
This article is presented by:
PALADUGU NAGAIAH CHOWDARY AND VIJAI INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
SMART DUST


Abstract:
Smart dust is an emerging technology made up from tiny, wireless sensors or motes. These large scale networks of wireless sensors are becoming increasingly tractable. Advances in hardware technology and engineering design have led to dramatic reductions in size, power consumption and cost for digital circuitry, wireless communications and Micro Electro Mechanical Systems (MEMS). This has enabled very compact, autonomous and mobile nodes, each containing one or more sensors, computation and communication capabilities, and a power supply. This paper gives a profound description about the technology and also the working of a mote, which are very tiny wireless sensors and also about the history. It also gives a detailed description about types of transmission between sensors and the antennas. The optical mode of transmission is most effective one. It also states the various challenges faced for the development of mobile networking protocols for Smart Dust. The missing ingredient is the networking and applications layers needed to harness this revolutionary capability into a complete system. Thus we review the key elements of the emergent technology of "Smart Dust" and outline the research challenges they present to the mobile networking and systems community, which must provide coherent connectivity to large numbers of mobile network nodes co-located within a small volume.
Introduction:
As the research community searches for the processing platform beyond the personal computer, networks of wireless sensors have become quite interesting. Many researchers have shown that it is possible to integrate sensing, communication, and power supply into an inch scale using only off the scale technology. These have been enabled by a rapid convergence of three key technologies namely digital circuitry, wireless communications, and micro Electromechanical Systems.

Smart dust is an emerging technology made up from tiny, wireless sensors or motes. Eventually these devices will be smart enough to talk with other sensors yet small enough to fit on the head of the pin. Each mote is a very tiny computer with a power supply, one or more sensors and the communication system. Smart dust motes are typically outfitted with environmental sensors which can monitor things like temperature, humidity, lighting, position and acceleration.
Smart dust has theoretical applications in virtually every field of science and industry. Research in the technologies is well-funded and sturdily based, and it is generally accepted that it is simply a matter of time before smart dust exists in a functional manner. Opponents question the risks to personal privacy, but proponents hold that the downsides are strongly outweighed by the positive benefits.
The Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA) has been funding smart dust research heavily since the late 1990s, seeing virtually limitless applications in the sphere of modern warfare. So far the research has been promising; with prototype smart dust sensors as small as 5mm. Costs have been promising; with prototype smart dust sensors as small as 5mm. Costs have been dropping rapidly with technological innovations, bringing individual motes down to a very low rate.

Reply
#12
[attachment=7308]
Presented by:Mohammad Rahimi


Smart Dust



Back to future!
Colonies of smart ultra small size network
Interaction of advances in technology
VLSI more condense silicon processing
VLSI more silicon speed
VLSI low power short range communication
MEMS Micro-Electromechanical Systems
Networking : Ad hoc wireless Network
Distributed Processing : Operating system, Database


Applications
It is a special class of sensor network
Fine sensing granularity
Applications :
Forest fire warning
Enemy troop monitoring
Large scale Biology or Geology
Smart office spaces
Defense-related sensor networks
Inventory Control


Key Features of these electronic particles
Power
Survive for extended amount of time

What is really behind the race? Computer Science!
Data Fusion
An efficient semantic to diffuse data in the network
Interpretation of multimodal sensing


Come Back to Reality! COTS Dust
Commercial Off-The-Shelf Components Dust
To enable us the research about the algorithms and semantics



Power
Power: Lithium Battery
Big Problem
Low capacity per unit of mass and volume
Needs support by sleep mechanism and low power techniques
Not really so much innovation after Volta!
Solar
Vibration
Acoustic noise
Thermal conversion
Nuclear Reaction
Fuel Cells


Computation
Computation: ATMEL91M404000
Micro Controller
Core and variety of different functions
Flash , SRAM , E2PROM
GPIO , ADC , PWM ,Comparator
Embedded serial Buses
Ex: Microcontrollers Atmel , Microchip, Motorola Microprocessors Intel Strong-Arms ,Motorola


Sensors
Motion Sensing
Magnetometer
Study 3 Element of Earth Magnetic field (Compass)
Accelerometer
To measure Local vertical (tilt switch) or measure motion vectors
Environmental Sensing(Weather Monitoring)
Pressure
Barometer
Temperature
Light
Humidity

Communication
Acoustic
RF radio
Optical
Passive
Active


Acoustic Communication
Power Hungry
High Background Noise
Large Size (proportional to harmonics of sound)
Fast Attenuation Curve
Low communication baud rate
Low power receiver
Good for event driven wake up systems

RF Communication
New low power techniques
Not robust (No fancy Spread Spectrum)
ISM Band
For practical frequencies large ANT Size(~λ)
It may have a tail!!
Only one RF front end
MCU acts as base band controller
CRC,Encoding(Manchester),DC Balance,Header

Optical Communication
Active
High power laser source
Transmission of modulated laser beam
Passive
MEMS Corner Cube Reflector
Emit modulated ambient light
Extremely low power


Optical Vs. RF
Both mature technology
Both Electromagnetic waves
light is quiet short wavelength compared to RF
Potential of smaller sizes
light techniques are extremely directional
Peer-Peer
RF techniques can be more omni directional
Directionality Brings the problem of alignment


Future Work
Design of multi hop network
Autonomous network configuration
Data Fusion
Network Decision making
Large Scale Distributed Processing 

Reply
#13
Submitted by –
Ramesh Chandora


[attachment=7863]

Introduction :
Smart dust is a tiny dust size device with extra-ordinary capabilities. Smart dust combines sensing, computing, wireless communication capabilities and autonomous power supply within volume of only few millimeters and that too at low cost. These devices are proposed to be so small and light in weight that they can remain suspended in the environment like an ordinary dust particle. These properties of Smart Dust will render it useful in monitoring real world phenomenon without disturbing the original process to an observable extends. Presently the achievable size of Smart Dust is about 5mm cube, but we hope that it will eventually be as small as a speck of dust. Individual sensors of smart dust are often referred to as motes because of their small size. These devices are also known as MEMS, which stands for micro electro-mechanical sensors.
The goal of the Smart Dust project is to build a self-contained, millimeter-scale sensing and communication platform for a massively distributed sensor network. This device will be around the size of a grain of sand and will contain sensors, computational ability, bi- directional wireless communications, and a power supply, while being inexpensive enough to deploy by the hundreds. The science and engineering goal of the project is to build a complete, complex system in a tiny volume using state-of-the art technologies, which will require evolutionary and revolutionary advances in integration, miniaturization, and energy management. We foresee many applications for this technology: Weather/seismological monitoring on Mars, Internal spacecraft monitoring, Land/space comm. Networks, Chemical/biological sensors, Weapons stockpile monitoring, Defense-related sensor networks, Inventory Control, Product quality monitoring, Smart office spaces, Sports - sailing, balls.

Background :
The Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA) has been funding Smart Dust research heavily since the late 1990s, seeing virtually limitless applications in the sphere of modern warfare. So far the research has been promising, with prototype smart dust sensors as small as 5mm.But further scaling down needs advance technological changes. Costs have been dropping rapidly with technological innovations, bringing individual motes down to as little as $50 each, with hopes of dropping below $1 per mote in the near future.
Design and engineering
The smartdust concept was introduced by Kristofer S. J. Pister (University of California) in 2001, though the same ideas existed in science fiction before then (The Invincible, 1964). A recent review discusses various techniques to take smartdust in sensor networks beyond millimeter dimensions to the micrometre level.
The Ultra-Fast Systems component of the Nanoelectronics Research Centre at the University of Glasgow is a founding member of a large international consortium which is developing a related concept: smart specks. Some attribute the concepts behind smart dust to a project at PARC called Smart Matter. Smartdust devices will be based on sub-voltage and deep-sub-voltage nanoelectronics and include the micro power sources with all solid state impulse supercapacitors (nanoionic supercapacitors).
The recent development of nanoradios may be employed in the implementation of smartdust as a usable technology.

Samrt Dust Structure :
A smart dust particle is often called motes (Fig. 1). One single mote has a Micro Electro Mechanical System (MEMS), a semiconductor laser diode, MEMS beam steering mirror for active optical transmission, a MEMS corner cube retro-reflector for passive optical transmission, an optical receiver, a signal processing and control circuitry, and a power source based on thick-film batteries and solar cells.

Design and engineering
The smartdust concept was introduced by Kristofer S. J. Pister (University of California) in 2001, though the same ideas existed in science fiction before then (The Invincible, 1964). A recent review discusses various techniques to take smartdust in sensor networks beyond millimeter dimensions to the micrometre level.
The Ultra-Fast Systems component of the Nanoelectronics Research Centre at the University of Glasgow is a founding member of a large international consortium which is developing a related concept: smart specks. Some attribute the concepts behind smart dust to a project at PARC called Smart Matter. Smartdust devices will be based on sub-voltage and deep-sub-voltage nanoelectronics and include the micro power sources with all solid state impulse supercapacitors (nanoionic supercapacitors).
The recent development of nanoradios may be employed in the implementation of smartdust as a usable technology.

Samrt Dust Structure :
A smart dust particle is often called motes (Fig. 1). One single mote has a Micro Electro Mechanical System (MEMS), a semiconductor laser diode, MEMS beam steering mirror for active optical transmission, a MEMS corner cube retro-reflector for passive optical transmission, an optical receiver, a signal processing and control circuitry, and a power source based on thick-film batteries and solar cells.
A major challenge is to incorporate all these functions while maintaining very low power consumption and optimizing the operating life of the mote. The structure of a single moat is shown in Figure 2. Smart dust motes consist of a passive optical transmitter with a micro fabricated corner- Cube Retro-reflector (CCR). This CCR contains three mutually perpendicular mirror fabricated of gold- coated poly-silicon (fig. 3). The CCR reflects any ray of light within a certain range of angles centered about the cube diagonal back to the source.





Reply
#14
Submitted by:
Tushar Poman

[attachment=9481]
1. Introduction:
Smart dust is a tiny dust size device with extra-ordinary capabilities. Smart dust combines sensing, computing, wireless communication capabilities and autonomous power supply within volume of only few millimeters and that too at low cost. These devices are proposed to be so small and light in weight that they can remain suspended in the environment like an ordinary dust particle. These properties of Smart Dust will render it useful in monitoring real world phenomenon without disturbing the original process to an observable extends. Presently the achievable size of Smart Dust is about 5mm cube, but we hope that it will eventually be as small as a speck of dust. Individual sensors of smart dust are often referred to as motes because of their small size. These devices are also known as MEMS, which stands for micro electro-mechanical sensors.
2. Background:
The Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA) has been funding Smart Dust research heavily since the late 1990s, seeing virtually limitless applications in the sphere of modern warfare. So far the research has been promising, with prototype smart dust sensors as small as 5mm.But further scaling down needs advance technological changes. Costs have been dropping rapidly with technological innovations, bringing individual motes down to as little as $50 each, with hopes of dropping below $1 per mote in the near future.
3. Smart Dust Structure:
A smart dust particle is often called motes (Fig. 1). One single mote has a Micro Electro Mechanical System (MEMS), a semiconductor laser diode, MEMS beam steering mirror for active optical transmission, a MEMS corner cube retro-reflector for passive optical transmission, an optical receiver, a signal processing and control circuitry, and a power source based on thick-film batteries and solar cells.
A major challenge is to incorporate all these functions while maintaining very low power consumption and optimizing the operating life of the mote. The structure of a single moat is shown in Figure 2. Smart dust motes consist of a passive optical transmitter with a micro fabricated corner- Cube Retro-reflector (CCR). This CCR contains three mutually perpendicular mirror fabricated of gold- coated poly-silicon (fig. 3). The CCR reflects any ray of light within a certain range of angles centered about the cube diagonal back to the source.
The power system consists of a thick-film battery or a solar cell, or both with a charge-integrating capacitor (power capacitor). The thick film battery of sol or gel V2O3 provides as a backup in darkness, while solar cells generate energy from sunlight. Depending on its objective, the design integrates various sensors, including light, temperature, vibration, magnetic field, acoustic, and wind shear, onto the mote. Active transmitters make possible peer-to-peer communication between dust motes, provided there exists a line-of-sight path between them.
4. Corner Cube Retro-Reflector (CCR):
CCR comprises three mutually perpendicular mirrors of gold-coated polysilicon. The CCR has the property that any incident ray of light is reflected back to the source (provided that it is incident within a certain range of angles centered about the cube’s body diagonal). If one of the mirrors is misaligned, this retro-reflection property is spoiled. The micro-fabricated CCR includes an electrostatic actuator that can deflect one of the mirrors at kilohertz rates. It has been demonstrated that a CCR illuminated by an external light source can transmit back a modulated signal at kilobits per second. Since the dust mote itself does not emit light, the passive transmitter consumes little power. Using a micro-fabricated CCR, we can achieve data transmission at a bit rate up to 1 kilobit per second, and over a range up to 150 meters, using a 5milliwatt illuminating laser.
One should note that CCR-based passive optical links require an uninterrupted line-of-sight path. Moreover, a CCR-based passive transmitter is inherently directional; a CCR can transmit to the BTS only when the CCR body diagonal happens to point directly toward the BTS, within a few tens of degrees.
A passive transmitter can be made more omni-directional by employing several CCRs oriented in different directions, at the expense of increased dust mote size. If a dust mote employs only one or a few CCRs, the lack of omni-directional transmission has important consequence on feasible network routing strategies.
Figure 4 illustrates a free-space optical network utilizing the CCR-based passive uplink. The BTS contains a laser whose beam illuminates an area containing dust motes. This beam can be modulated with downlink data, including commands to wake up and query the dust motes. When the illuminating beam is not modulated, the dust motes can use their CCRs to transmit uplink data back to the base station. A high frame-rate CCD video camera at the BTS sees” these CCR signals as lights blinking on and off. It decodes these blinking images to yield the uplink data. This uplink scheme achieves several kilobits per second over hundreds of meters in full sunlight. At night, in clear, still air, the range should extend to several kilometers.
Because the camera uses an imaging process to separate the simultaneous transmissions from dust motes at different locations, we say that it uses space-division multiplexing. The ability for a video camera to resolve these transmissions is a consequence of the short wavelength of visible or near-infrared light. This does not require any coordination among the dust motes, and thus, it does not complicate their design.
5. Challenges:
The hardware design has to face many challenges due to the small size of the Smart Dust. First of all, it is hardly possible to fit current radio communication technology into Smart Dust both size wise and energy wise. The present radio communication has large antennas and thus requires larger space. The energy requirements are also high. So, a more size and power efficient passive laser based communication schemes have to be adopted. But it also has its share of disadvantages.
Another factor of concern is the energy consumption by the Smart Dust. With devices so small, batteries present a massive addition of weight. It is therefore important to use absolutely minimal amounts of energy in communicating the data they collect to the central hubs, where humans can access it.
6. Communication Technologies:
Primarily, two technologies can be used for Communication between the motes and the BASE station Transceiver (BST), they are as follows:
I. Radio Frequency Transmission
II. Optical transmission technique
a) Passive Laser based Communication
b) Active Laser based Communication
c) Fiber Optic Communication
All of them have their relative advantages and disadvantages.
I. Radio Frequency transmission:
It is based on the generation, propagation and detection of electromagnetic waves with a frequency range from tens of kHz to hundreds of GHz. It could be used to function as both the uplink and the downlink. Since RF transceiver typically consists of relatively complex circuitry, it is impossible to achieve the required low power operation using such an approach in a smart dust system. When large numbers of motes are involved in smart dust, RF links may employ alternative multiplexing techniques: time, frequency or code-division multiplexing. Their use leads to modulation, bandpass filtering, demodulation circuitry, and additional circuitry, all of which needs to be considered based on power consumption. RF communication can be used for smart dust communication but it poses following problems:
a) Size of the antenna: Since the size of the antenna should be ¼ of the carrier wavelength, if we reduce the size of the antenna (which is very difficult to achieve) the wavelength of the carrier wave will decrease, thus requiring high frequency transmission. This system will no longer comply with low power consumption requirement of the small dust.
b) RF communication can only be achieved by using time, frequency or code division.
c) Multiplexing (TDMA, FDMA, or CDMA) each having their own complications. For TDMA mote should transfer at high bit rate (as high as aggregate uplink capacity) in absence of other transmission. Beside this, mote should coordinate their transmission with other mote. In FDMA, the accurate control of oscillator frequency is required. Since CDMA operates for a relatively extended time interval, it requires high-speed digital circuitry and it consumes excessive power. Both FDMA and CDMA should avoid coordination between dust motes and they require dust motes to be preprogrammed with unique frequencies or codes in order to prevent such coordination.
II. Optical Transmission Technique:
a) Passive Laser based communication:

The Smart Dust can employ a passive laser based communication scheme to establish a bi-directional communication page link between dust nodes and a base station transceiver (BST). For downlink communication (BST to dust), the base station points a modulated laser beam at a node. The latter uses a simple optical receiver to decode the incoming message. For uplink communication (dust to BST), the base station points an un-modulated laser beam at a node, which in turn modulates and reflects back the beam to the BST. For this, the dust nodes are equipped with a Corner Cube Retro Reflector (CCR). The CCR has the property that any incident ray of light is reflected back to the source under certain conditions. If one of the mirrors is misaligned, this retro reflection property is spoiled. The Smart Dust CCR has an electrostatic actuator that can deflect one of the mirrors at kilohertz rates. Using this actuator, the incident laser beam is “on-off” modulated and reflected back to the BST.
This type of design implies a single-hop network topology, where dust nodes cannot directly communicate with each other, but only with a base station. The base station can be placed quite far away from the nodes, since the employed laser communication works over a range of hundreds of meters, provided a free line-of-sight between the BST and the nodes. Communication may suffer from significant and highly variable delays if the laser beam is not already pointing at a node that is subject to communication with the BST. Smart Dust nodes can be highly mobile, since nodes are small enough to be moved by winds or even to remain suspended in air, buoyed by air currents
Reply
#15
PRESENTED BY
A.VINAY KUMAR REDDY

[attachment=9498]
Smart dust devices are tiny wireless sensors that can detect light and vibrations in its environment. These motes could eventually be the size of a grain of sand, though each would contain sensors, Motes can communicate with each other either via radio frequency or via optical communication.
The Smart Dust project is exploring whether an autonomous sensing, computing, and communication system can be packed into a cubic-millimeter mote to form the basis of integrated, massively distributed sensor networks. It focuses on reduction of power consumption, size and cost. To build these small sensors, processors, communication devices, and power supply , designers have used the MEMS (Micro electro mechanical Systems) technology.
Smart Dust nodes otherwise known as “motes” are usually of the size of a grain of sand and each mote consists of :
1. sensors
2. transmitter & receiver enabling bidirectional wireless communication.
3. processors and control circuitry
4. power supply unit
Using smart dust nodes,the energy to acquire and process a sample and then transmit some data about it could be as small as a few nano Joules.
These dust motes enable a lot of applications, because at these small dimensions, these motes can be scattered from aircraft for battle field monitoring or can be stirred into house paint to create the ultimate home sensor network.
1. Introduction:
Smart dust is a tiny dust size device with extra-ordinary capabilities. Smart dust combines sensing, computing, wireless communication capabilities and autonomous power supply within volume of only few millimeters and that too at low cost. These devices are proposed to be so small and light in weight that they can remain suspended in the environment like an ordinary dust particle. These properties of Smart Dust will render it useful in monitoring real world phenomenon without disturbing the original process to an observable extends. Presently the achievable size of Smart Dust is about 5mm cube, but we hope that it will eventually be as small as a speck of dust. Individual sensors of smart dust are often referred to as motes because of their small size. These devices are also known as MEMS, which stands for micro electro-mechanical sensors.
2. Background:
The Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA) has been funding Smart Dust research heavily since the late 1990s, seeing virtually limitless applications in the sphere of modern warfare. So far the research has been promising, with prototype smart dust sensors as small as 5mm.But further scaling down needs advance technological changes. Costs have been dropping rapidly with technological innovations, bringing individual motes down to as little as $50 each, with hopes of dropping below $1 per mote in the near future.
3. Smart Dust Structure:
A smart dust particle is often called motes (Fig. 1). One single mote has a Micro Electro Mechanical System (MEMS), a semiconductor laser diode, MEMS beam steering mirror for active optical transmission, a MEMS corner cube retro-reflector for passive optical transmission, an optical receiver, a signal processing and control circuitry, and a power source based on thick-film batteries and solar cells.
A major challenge is to incorporate all these functions while maintaining very low power consumption and optimizing the operating life of the mote. The structure of a single mote is shown in Figure.2. Smart dust motes consist of a passive optical transmitter with a micro fabricated corner- Cube Retro-reflector (CCR). This CCR contains three mutually perpendicular mirror fabricated of gold- coated Polysilicon (fig. 3).
The CCR reflects any ray of light within a certain range of angles centered about the cube diagonal back to the source.
perpendicular mirror fabricated of gold- coated poly-silicon (fig. 3). The CCR reflects any ray of light within a certain range of angles centered about the cube diagonal back to the source.
The power system consists of a thick-film battery or a solar cell, or both with a charge-integrating capacitor (power capacitor). The thick film battery of solor gel V2O3 provides as a backup in darkness, while solar cells generate energy from sunlight. Depending on its objective, the design integrates various sensors, including light, temperature, vibration, magnetic field, acoustic, and wind shear, onto the mote.
Active transmitters make possible peer-to-peer communication between dust motes, provided there
4. Corner Cube Retro-Reflector (CCR):
CCR comprises three mutually perpendicular mirrors of gold-coated polysilicon. The CCR has the property that any incident ray of light is reflected back to the source (provided that it is incident within a certain range of angles centered about the cube’s body diagonal). If one of the mirrors is misaligned, this retro-reflection property is spoiled. The micro-fabricated CCR includes an electrostatic actuator that can deflect one of the mirrors at kilohertz rates. It has been demonstrated that a CCR illuminated by an external light source can transmit back a modulated signal at kilobits per second. Since the dust mote itself does not emit light, the passive transmitter consumes little power. Using a micro-fabricated CCR, we can achieve data transmission at a bit rate up to 1 kilobit per second, and over a range up to 150 meters, using a 5milliwatt illuminating laser.
One should note that CCR-based passive optical links require an uninterrupted line-of-sight path. Moreover, a CCR-based passive transmitter is inherently directional; a CCR can transmit to the BTS only when the CCR body diagonal happens to point directly toward the BTS, within a few tens of degrees.
A passive transmitter can be made more omni-directional by employing several CCRs oriented in different directions, at the expense of increased dust mote size. If a dust mote employs only one or a few CCRs, the lack of omni-directional transmission has important consequence on feasible network routing strategies.
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#16
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INTRODUCTION
The current ultramodern technologies are focusing on automation and miniaturization. The decreasing computing device size, increased connectivity and enhanced interaction with the physical world have characterized computing’s history. Recently, the popularity of small computing devices, such as hand held computers and cell phones; rapidly flourishing internet group and the diminishing size and cost of sensors and especially transistors have accelerated these strengths. The emergence ofsmall computing elements, with sporadic connectivity and increased interaction with the environment, provides enriched opportunities to reshape interactions between people and computers and spur ubiquitous computing researches. is tiny electronic devices designed to capture mountains of information about their surroundings while literally floating on air. Nowadays, sensors, computers and communicators are shrinking down to ridiculously small sizes. If all of these are packed into a single tiny device, it can open up new dimensions in the field of communications. The idea behind ‘smart dust’ is to pack sophisticated sensors, tiny computers and wireless communicators in to a cubic-millimeter mote to form the basis of integrated, massively distributed sensor networks. They will be light enough to remain suspended in air for hours. As the motes drift on wind, they can monitor the environment for light, sound, temperature, chemical composition and a wide range of other information, and beam that data back to the base station, miles away.
1 MAJOR COMPONENTS AND REQUIREMENTS OF
Smart Dust requires both evolutionary and revolutionary advances in miniaturization, integration, and energy management. Designers can use microelectromechanical systems to build small sensors, optical communication components, and power supplies, whereas microelectronics provides increasing functionality in smaller areas, with lower energy consumption. The power system consists of a thick-film battery, a solar cell with a charge-integrating capacitor for periods of darkness, or both. Depending on its objective, the design integrates various sensors, including light, temperature, vibration, magnetic field, acoustic, and wind shear, onto the mote. An integrated circuit provides sensor-signal processing, communication, control, data storage, and energy management. A photodiode allows optical data reception. There are presently two transmission schemes: passive transmission using a corner-cube retro reflector, and active transmission using a laser diode and steerable mirrors. The mote’s minuscule size makes energy management a key component. The integrated circuit will contain sensor signal conditioning circuits, a temperature sensor, and A/D converter, microprocessor, SRAM, communications circuits, and power control circuits. The IC, together with the sensors, will operate from a power source integrated with the platform. The MEMS industry has major markets in automotive pressure sensors and accelerometers, medical sensors, and process control sensors. Recent advances in technology have put many of these sensor processes on 2
exponentially decreasing size, power, and cost curves. In addition, variations of MEMS sensor technology are used to build micro motors. Figure 1: Components of
DESCRIPTION OF WORKING OF
The smart dust mote is run by a microcontroller that not only determines the task performed by the mote, but consists of the power to the various components of the system to conserve energy. Periodically the micro controller gets a reading from one of the sensors, which measure one of a number of physical or chemical stimuli such as temperature, ambient light, vibration, acceleration, or air pressure, process the data, and store it in 3
memory. It also turns on optical receiver to see if anyone is trying to communicate with it. This communication may include new programs ormessages from other motes. In response to a message or upon its own initiative, the microcontroller will use the corner cube retro reflector or laserto transmit sensor data or a message to a base station or another mote. The primary constraint in the design of the Smart Dust motes is volume, which in turn puts a severe constraint on energy since we do not have much room for batteries or large solar cells. Thus, the motes must operate efficiently and conserve energy whenever possible. Most of the time, the majority of the mote is powered off with only a clock and a few timers running. When a timer expires, it powers up a part of the mote to carry out a job, then powers off. A few of the timers control the sensors that measure one of a number of physical or chemical stimuli such as temperature, ambient light, vibration, acceleration, or air pressure. When one of these timers expires, it powers up the corresponding sensor, takes a sample, and converts it to a digital word. If the data is interesting, it may either be stored directly in the SRAM or the microcontroller is powered up to perform more complex operations with it. When this task is complete, everything is again powered down and the timer begins counting again. Another timer controls the receiver. When that timer expires, the receiver powers up and look for an incoming packet. If it doesn’t see one after a certain length of time, it is powered down again. The mote can receive several types of packets, including ones that are new program code that is stored in the program memory. This allows the user to change the behavior of the mote remotely. Packets may also include messages from the base station or other motes. When one of these is received, the microcontroller is powered up and used to interpret the contents of the message. The message may tell the mote to do something in particular, or it 4
may be a message that is just being passed from one mote to another on its way to a particular destination. In response to a message or to another timerexpiring, the microcontroller will assemble a packet containing sensor data or a message and transmit it using either the corner cube retro reflector orthe laser diode, depending on which it has. The corner cube retro reflectortransmits information just by moving a mirror and thus changing the reflection of a laser beam from the base station. This technique is substantially more energy efficient than actually generating some radiation. With the laser diode and a set of beam scanning mirrors, we can transmit data in any direction desired, allowing the mote to communicate with othermotes.
COMPUTING AT THE MILLIMETER SCALE
Computing in an autonomous cubic-millimeter package must focus on minimizing a given task’s energy consumption. Smaller, faster transistors have reduced parasitic capacitance, thereby resulting in diminished dynamic power consumption. Constant electric field scaling has reduced supply voltages, producing dramatic power reductions for both high-performance and low-energy computing because dynamic power has a quadratic dependence on supply voltage. However, constant electric field scaling also calls for a reduction in the threshold voltage. This will result in larger leakage currents, which are already a concern in the high-performance processors to be released in 2001 that will leak amps ofcurrent. The process engineers need to keep leakage currents low, which will also benefit low-energy designers. In millimeter-scale computing, the shrinking transistor’s size lets designer’s compact significant computing power into this small area 5
Low-energy computation
Besides advanced micro fabrication technology processes, using other techniques at every level achieves low-energy computation. First, because we use a high-performance process but operate at low speeds, we can drop the supply voltage to the minimum level at which the devices still function; theoretically this is 0.1 volt, 6 but for 0.5- to 0.2-micron processes it is more realistically 0.2 to 0.3 volt. To minimize current leakage, which can cause significant power consumption at the low clock rates and duty cycles that these low-energy architectures use, we can increase the channel-to-source junction’s reverse bias, thus increasing the threshold voltage. Initially, adding two extra supply voltages in this package may seem onerous; however, if the mote scavenges solar power, placing two small photodiodes on the integrated circuit provides the few atto-amps per device necessary to bias these junctions. The Smart Dust mote’s tasks closely relate to the physical realm, where the fastest sampling is 10 to 20 kHz forvibration and acoustic sensors so the amount of data is small enough that we can use low data transmition rates. Therefore we can use clock rates in the 1 to 180 kHz range to decrease dynamic power consumption. Despite these low clock rates, the circuits perform all their transitions during a small portion of the cycle; then they remain idle. Thus, powering down blocks foreven a few clock cycles saves energy.
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#17
[attachment=13486]
Smart Dust – An Introduction
Miniaturization
MEMS – Micro-electro-mechanical Systems.
Radio transmitters and receivers
Tiny Computerized Sensors
Single units known as MOT
Smart Dust History
Conceived in 1998 by Dr. Kris Pister of University of California – Berkeley
Funded by DARPA – Defense Advanced Research Project Agency
Powering Issue
Smart Dust Overview
Merger of Computers, Mechanics and electrics with miniaturization technology
Its core is small, low power Computer
This Computer monitors the sensors embedded in the same chip
Uses RF page link for communicating and transmitting necessary information along with MEMS embedded in the same chip
Components & Specifications
A small, low power computer, with a operating system called Tiny OS.
Sensors
Battery
Reflectors and transmitters for reflecting the laser beams
And other as per requirements of the dust
Smart Dust Working
Motes are run by Microcontrollers
Microcontrollers takes the reading from the sensors, processes it and stores it
It uses optical receiver to receive the messages from other motes
It uses corner cube retro reflector or “Laser” to transmit sensor data to other motes
Smart Dust working
The batteries are the basic powering devices in the motes
The motes are in sleep mode most of the time with a little consumption of a few micro amps
Counters and timers periodically trigger on the sensors which take the readings, micro-controller transmits them, stores them and the mode again goes to the sleep mode
Applications
Military
Smart Office Spaces
Environmental Applications
Diagnosis of Human Problems
Security Purposes
Conservation of resources
And many more………………..
Smart Military Operations
Can be used to sense enemy movements
They can help to collect battlefield intelligence
Can be proved as a weapon against bioterrorism
Can be proved as brilliant spies
Smart Environment
Can be used as seismic sensors
Can be sewn in clothes to sense the working environment and change in it, so that the user can get better off it
Can be used to identify the pollutants present in the environment
Can make our life better by sensing these elements
Smart Medication
Can assist a Handicap person about the paths
Can assist in detecting and destroying tumor cells in the body
Can help to identify Various type of diseases for whom the definitions are not yet given by defining them in the tiny OS and matching them
AD-HOC networks
Smart dust can be used to form Ad-hoc networks, which can use radio page link to transmit data
These ad-hoc networks can be used in various fields where normal links are not possible
Ad- hoc networks can be much cheaper than usual modes of certain applications
Future Goal
In march 2003, this mote named Spec was made in which all the contents of a mote were fitted in less than 5 Sq mm, in less than a dollar. We can imagine motes to be as small as Dust Particles.
Future Goals
Weather/seismological monitoring
Internal spacecraft monitoring
Land/space comm. networks
Chemical/biological sensors
Weapons stockpile monitoring
Defense-related sensor networks
Conclusion
Smart dust is the power of pc in a dust particle.
Extent of miniaturization
Can help us to lead a better life, in our own beautiful environment
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#18

SMART DUST
The ‘Smart Dust’ project is aiming to build an autonomous sensing, computing, and communication system packed into a cubic-millimeter mote, to form the basis of integrated, massively distributed sensor networks. So, this device will be around the size of a grain of sand and will contain sensors, computational ability, bidirectional wireless communications, and power supply, while being inexpensive enough to deploy by the hundreds. Smart Dust requires evolutionary and revolutionary advances in integration, miniaturization and energy management. If the project is successful, clouds of smart dust could one day be used in an astonishing array of application, from following enemy troop movements and hunting send missiles to detecting toxic chemicals in the environment and monitoring weather patters around the globe.
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