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16-07-2017, 07:18 AM

I need this book for my future studies......I have no other reference book ,so I need it and I don't have enough cost to buy this book

jaseela123d · 17-07-2017, 10:06 AM

Physical chemistry is the study of macroscopic, atomic, subatomic and particle phenomena in chemical systems in terms of principles, practices and concepts of physics such as movement, energy, force, time, thermodynamics, chemistry Quantum mechanics, statistical mechanics, analytical dynamics and chemistry. balance.

Physical chemistry, in contrast to chemical physics, is predominantly (but not always) a macroscopic or supra-molecular science, since most of the principles on which it was founded are related to mass and not just to molecular structure / Atomic, chemical equilibrium and colloids).

Some of the relationships that physical chemistry strives to solve include the effects of:

1. Intermolecular forces acting on the physical properties of the materials (plasticity, tensile strength, surface tension in liquids).

2. Kinetics of reaction on reaction rate.

3. The identity of the ions and the electrical conductivity of the materials.

4. Surface and electrochemical chemistry of cell membranes.

5. Interaction of one body with another in terms of amounts of heat and work called thermodynamics.

6. Heat transfer between a chemical system and its environment during the phase change or chemical reaction that takes place called thermochemistry

7. Study of the colligative properties of the number of species present in solution.

8. The number of phases, the number of components and the degree of freedom (or variance) can be correlated with each other using the phase rule.

9. Reactions of electrochemical cells.

The key concepts of physical chemistry are the ways in which pure physics is applied to chemical problems. One of the key concepts of classical chemistry is that all chemical compounds can be described as groups of atoms linked together and chemical reactions can be described as the making and breaking of those bonds. Predicting the properties of chemical compounds from a description of atoms and how they come together is one of the main objectives of physical chemistry. To describe atoms and bonds precisely, it is necessary to know where the nuclei of atoms are and how the electrons are distributed around them.

Quantum chemistry, a subfield of physical chemistry that deals especially with the application of quantum mechanics to chemical problems, provides tools to determine how strong and how the bonds are, how the nuclei move, and how light can Be absorbed or emitted by a chemical compound. Spectroscopy is the related sub-discipline of physical chemistry that deals specifically with the interaction of electromagnetic radiation with matter.

Another set of important questions in chemistry refers to what kind of reactions can occur spontaneously and what properties are possible for a given chemical mixture. This is studied in chemical thermodynamics, which establishes limits on quantities such as how much a reaction can proceed, or how much energy can be converted into work in an internal combustion engine, and which provides bonds between properties such as coefficient of thermal expansion and Rate of change Entropy with pressure for a gas or a liquid. It can often be used to assess whether a reactor or engine design is feasible, or to verify the validity of the experimental data. To some extent, quasi-equilibrium and non-equilibrium thermodynamics can describe irreversible changes. However, classical thermodynamics mainly refers to systems in equilibrium and reversible changes and not what actually happens, or speed, away from equilibrium.

What reactions occur and how fast is the subject of chemical kinetics, another branch of physical chemistry. A key idea in chemical kinetics is that for reagents to react and form products, most chemical species must pass through states of transition that are higher in energy than the reactants or products and serve as a barrier to reaction. In general, the higher the barrier, the slower the reaction. A second is that most chemical reactions occur as a sequence of elementary reactions, each with its own transition state. Key questions in kinetics include how the rate of reaction depends on the temperature and the concentrations of reactants and catalysts in the reaction mixture, as well as how the catalysts and the reaction conditions can be manipulated to optimize the reaction rate.

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