Semiconductor Optical Amplifier Placement in CDMA All-Optical Star Network
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Abstract:

In this paper, analysis of CDMA network with Optical Amplifiers has been done. As the optical amplifier provides gain as well as has nonlinear characterstics, gain is expected due to signal amplification as well as operation of SOAs as limiter due to gain saturation. In this paper results have been computed for with different SOA placements in a typical star topology employing CDMA. The results show that in a star topology network employing CDMA, placement of SOAs before CDMA decoder does provide benefit due to gain as well as because of clipping due to nonlinear gain saturation. It is also seen that preamplifier scheme works better than postamplifier scheme

Submitted By
Yatindra Nath Singh1, Member, IEEE, MIETE, Mohd. Qasim


CDMA network
CDMA networks use code division to separate the signals from all users. Since in optical domain, it is not possible to have signals with negative value (intensity is a non-negative entity), the code cannot have zero crosscorrelation. Consequently, the optical CDMA systems use psuedo-orthogonal codes known as optical orthogonal codes (OOC).
Introduction
All-optical networks have been of immense interest to the persons involved in communication networking. Optical fiber has become the choice for the medium of transmission in most of the point-to-point links. This is evident by the fact that most of the trunk line and inter-exchange carrier lines use optical fiber. But such point-to-point links are having limitation when a multiaccess environment is considered. In that case a switch need to be present at central location and all the users are connected to this switch using point-to-point links. Since fiber has tremendous bandwidth (around 40 THz) [1], one should be able to support a large number of users in a passive optical broadcast network without any switch. Only requirement is a method to access and utilize the available bandwidth. Simplest of the broadcast optical network is star toplogy (Fig. ).
Passive optical broadcast networks suffer from split loss problem. In these, a transmitted optical signal is split and directed to every user. The receiver depending on the address in the packets either drops or uses the packets. The splitting of optical power reduces the amount of optical power recieved. Since receivers need to receive a minimum amount of power (receiver sensitivity), the amount of split and hence the number of users that can be supported are limited. In order to alleviate the network from this problem, use of optical amplifier has been studied in past [2,3]. Further to utilize the large available bandwidth in the fiber, all-optical networks use TDMA, WDMA or CDMA techniques. Among these the impact of using OAs in WDMA systems has been extensively studied. But the impact of using OAs in CDMA is relatively unexplored.

Figure: Star topology for CDMA network
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Salehi and Brackett [4] have given that the use of hard limiter before CDMA decoders improves the performance. OA is also a nonlinear device due to gain saturation. Consequently, it will be interesting to explore the impact of OA and its non linear characterstics on the CDMA receiver performance. In this paper we have given a methodology to investigate this. In next section, we have described basic CDMA network structure. CDMA decoder and receiver for all-optical CDMA network are also discussed. The concept and model of OA is also given. Section gives cases of optical amplifier and their placement options which are considered alongwith the computational model. Section gives computed results for a typical network. Thereafter the conclusions are drawn Section .
Example and Results

Table: Typical Parameters for various components in CDMA star network
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Amplifier Gain G0 30 dB
Amplifier Saturation Power level Psat 6 dBm
Spontaneous emission factor nsp 2.0
Amplifier Coupling Loss LA 3 dB
Optical Bandwidth Bo 10 GHz
Operating Wavelength
1550 nm
Quantum efficiency of photodetector
0.75
Receiver temperature T 300o K
Receiver electrical bandwidth Be 10 GHz
Load Resistance RL 100 Splice loss Lsp 0.5 dB
Insertion loss of coupler
Li 0.5 dB
Fiber length between user and star coupler L 1 km
Fiber attenuation coefficient
0.2 dB/km
An example network with the typical parameters is considered. The results have been computed for this network using the models described above. The typical values of the parameters are given in Table . Figure shows the results for postamplifier. Curve A is for without SOA. Curve B corresponds to saturated SOA and curve C corresponds to unsaturated SOA. The two set corresponds to active encoding and passive encoding cases. The set having better performance corresponds to start with active encoding.

Figure: BER vs. Ps for postamplifier case. A- without amplifier, B- saturated SOA, C- unsaturated SOA
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Since the peak output of CDMA decoder reduces due to effect of gain saturation in preamplifier-1 case, two new threshold values are used. The threshold-1 given by
(5)
causes degradation after certain value of Ps(Fig. , curve B). The threshold-2 (Fig. , curve C) given by
(6)
gives preformance as good as unsaturated preamplifier-1 case (Curve D, Fig. ). In the above Pr is power received for a pulse at the input of SOA from a single source and Ps is the power transmitted. Curve A in Fig. is for CDMA star without any SOA. Fig. shows the gain saturated preamplifier-1 performance for two different Psat values. Curve A and B corresponds to threshold-1 with Psat=6 and respectively. Curve C and D are for threshold-2 with Psat=6 and respectively. It shows that use of threshold-2 gives more improvement for lower values of Psat.

Figure: A) CDMA star without SOAs; preamplifier-1: B and C) gain saturation with threshold-1 and threshold-2, D) without gain saturation
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Figure: BER v/s Ps for gain saturated Preamplifier-1; A, C for Psat=6 dBm and B, D for 10 dBm for threshold-1 and threshold-2 resp.
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Figure: BER v/s Ps for preamplifier-2 with gain saturation
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Figure: BER v/s PS for preamplifier-1, preamplifier-2 and preamplifier-1 with zero ASE noise. No gain saturation is considered.
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Fig. gives the results for preamplifier-2 case. Curve A is for unsaturated case. Curve B and C are for gain saturation with uniform and non-uniform multiple access intereference (MAI) respectively. The figure shows that gain saturation improves the performance slightly. The actual peformance will be in between two extremes given by curve B and C.
The results in Fig. show that preamplifier-1 (amplifier placed after the CDMA decoder) performs poorly as compared to preamplfier-2 (amplifier placed before the CDMA decoder). In computing this, the gain saturation has not been considered. The preamplifier-2 performance is almost as good as that of preamplifier-1 without ASE noise. This implies preamplifier-2 configuration has very small degrading effect of ASE noise. One can also deduce from Fig. and Fig. that gain saturation will affect negligibly in the preamplifier-2 case.
Optical Orthogonal Codes
In general an OOC family derived from {0,1} sequences is characterized by parameters ( ) [4,5]. Each code family consist of M distinct codewords C={Ci} of length Fand code weight K. The code weight K is equal to number of ones in the code words. The and are out of phase autocorrelation and crosscorrelation values respectively. The above implies that autocorrelation for a code family will obey the following equation
(1)
Similarly, the crosscorrelation will follow the following equation
(2)
The CDMA codes are generated by encoders. A passive CDMA encoder splits a short optical pulse and passes them through different delay lines before merging them together. In this manner a bit is converted to a code sequence. The encoding can also be done by directly modulating the optical source by code sequence. This is termed as active encoding. For decoding, the code sequence is split into multiple copies and passed through different delay lines in such a way that one pulse from each of the split path adds when the delayed signals are combined. This acts as correlator [6]
Conclusions
This work investigated into the use of SOAs in optical CDMA broadcast star topology network. Three possible placement positions were mentioned. It is concluded from results that preamplifier-2 is best configuration when SOAs are used. It is also observed that SOA provides advantage due to gain as well as nonlinear gain saturation charactestics in the placement position. While in other configurations, gain saturation degrades the performance.
Bibliography
1
R. Ramaswami, Issues in multi-wavelength optical network design, IBM Research Report RC15829, 31 May 1990.
2
Y.N.Singh, Studies on placement of semiconductor optical amplifiers in wavelength division multiplexed star and tree topology networks, Ph.D thesis, Electrical Engineering Department, IIT Delhi, September 1996.
3
Arvind Kumar, Placement of Optical Amplifiers in Optical Networks, M.Tech. thesis, Center for Laser Technology, IIT Kanpur, April 1999.
4
Javed A. Salehi, Charles A. Brackett, "Code Division Multiple Access Techniques in Optical Fiber Networks - Part II: System Performance Analysis," IEEE Trans. Commun., Vol.37, No.8, August 1989, pp.834-842.
5
Manoj Choudhary, P.K.Chatterjee, Joseph John, "Code sequence for fiber optical CDMA systems," Proc. Ist National conference on communications (NCC'95), Kanpur, India, March 1995, pp.35-42.
6
Mohd. Qasim, Performance analysis of an Incoherent Optical CDMA Network with Semiconductor Optical Amplifiers, M.Tech. thesis, Electrical Engineering Department, IIT Kanpur, June 1999.
7
Y.N.Singh, V.K.Jain, H.M.Gupta, "Semiconductor Optical Amplifiers in WDM Star Networks," IEE Proceedings- Optoelectronics, Vol.143, No.2, April 1996, pp.144-152.
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