Scalable Multicasting in Mobile Ad Hoc Networks
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Scalable Multicasting in Mobile Ad Hoc Networks
Multicast
HDVMRP: Intern-domain + Intra-domain multicast
Hierarchical routing achieves scalability
Shrinks the multicast routing table
aka. reduces protocol state
Faster forwarding
Two types of scalability
Vertical scalability: increase of group size
Horizontal scalability: increase of number of groups
Multicast Protocol State Maintenance
Protocol state is the multicast routing tables at each node
Multicast routing tree/mesh is maintained by protocol states
In MANET, protocol state maintenance takes much control overhead
Multicast scalability is more important in MANET
Protocol state reduction and constraining
Overlay multicast:
AMRoute[Liu99], PAST-DM[Gui03]
Backbone-based multicast:
MCEDAR[Sinha99]
Stateless multicast:
DDM[Ji01], LGT[Chen02], RDG[Luo03]
State Maintenance – Overlay Multicast
Method
Virtual topology
Minimal function at IP layer
Multicast function at overlay layer
Protocol state
Constrain its distribution: only on group members
Compare with MAODV or ODMRP
Pro & con
Pro: Robustness against mobility
Con: Data delivery not efficient
State Maintenance – Backbone-based
Method
Form clusters, build virtual backbone on cluster-heads
Multicast routing within backbone
Cluster-heads further deliver to all group members
Protocol State
Reduce its size: simple topology at backbone
Constrain its distribution: only on cluster-heads
Pro & Con
Pro: Backbone topo. more simple & stable
Pro: Good for large group size
Con: Not good for horizontal scalability – traffic bottleneck at the cluster-heads
State Maintenance –Stateless Multicast
DDM Method
Source put the addr. of all receivers into packet header
Intermediate nodes consult unicast protocol to know how to duplicate/forward the packet
Protocol state
No state at any node, only stay within packet headers
Pro & Con
Pro: Good at supporting many multicast groups
Con: Packet header overhead
Con: Only good for small groups
Opposite of backbone-based multicast
Agenda
Introduction
Multicast scalability in MANET
Two hierarchical Multicast Methods
Domain-based
Overlay-driven
Performance Evaluation
Hierarchical Multicast in MANET
Goal
Explore hierarchical multicast methods different than backbone-based multicast
All multicast groups share same backbone
Support both vertical and horizontal scalability
More flexible maintenance of protocol state
Propose two methods
Domain based
Overlay driven
Domain-based Hierarchical MCast
Method
Partition a large mcast group into sub-groups
Within each sub-group, one node is chosen to be sub-root
The sub-roots together form the upper level mcast group
Source first deliver data packet to sub-roots using upper level mcast protocol
Sub-roots further deliver the packet within its sub-group using lower level mcast protocol
Domain-based Hierarchical MCast
An example: Hierarchical DDM
Goal:
Make DDM scale up for bigger groups
Flexible control on amount and distribution of protocol states
Hierarchical DDM
Sub-root selection and group partition
Goal: adjacent members in same sub-group
Hierarchical DDM
Sub-root selection and group partition
Hierarchical DDM
Sub-root selection and group partition
Hierarchical DDM
Further details
Hierarchy maintenance
Join and leave operations
Dynamic partitioning
Summery
Introduction
Multicast scalability in MANET
Two hierarchical Multicast Methods
Domain-based
Overlay-driven
Performance Evaluation
Overlay Driven Hierarchical MCast
Upper level mcast
Build an overlay multicast tree on all group members
In overlay mcast tree, each non-leaf node is a forking point, assigned with an FORK_ID
Overlay Driven Hierarchical MCast
Lower level mcast
At each forking point, form a lower level group
Source of this group is the forking point, receivers are its children in overlay tree
Implementation
Implementation
Upper level: AMRoute
Lower level: DDM
Operations
Use AMRoute maintain overlay mcast tree
Source use DDM to deliver data packet to its children in overlay tree
Compared to using multiple unicasts
Each children nodes continue to use DDM to deliver packet to their children
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