internal combustion engine by mi mathur and rp sharma pdf

An internal combustion engine (ICE) is a thermal engine in which the combustion of a fuel is produced with an oxidiser (usually air) in a combustion chamber which is an integral part of the working fluid flow circuit. In an internal combustion engine, the expansion of the high temperature and high pressure gases produced by the combustion applies direct force to some engine component. The force is typically applied to pistons, turbine blades, rotor or nozzle. This force moves the component at a distance, transforming the chemical energy into useful mechanical energy.

The first commercially successful internal combustion engine was created by Étienne Lenoir around 1859 and the first modern internal combustion engine was created in 1876 by Nikolaus Otto (see Otto's engine).

The term internal combustion engine generally refers to an engine in which combustion is intermittent, such as four-stroke piston engines and two more familiar times, along with variants such as the six-stroke piston engine and the rotary engine Wankel. A second class of internal combustion engines uses continuous combustion: gas turbines, jet engines and most rocket engines, each of which are internal combustion engines on the same principle as described above   Firearms are also a form of internal combustion engine. 

Internal combustion engines are very different from external combustion engines such as Stirling or steam engines, where the energy is supplied to a working fluid that is not mixed or contaminated with combustion products. The working fluids can be air, hot water, pressurised water or even liquid sodium, heated in a boiler. ICEs are usually fueled by high energy density fuels such as gasoline or diesel, liquids derived from fossil fuels. Although there are many stationary applications, most ICEs are used in mobile applications and are the dominant power source for vehicles such as cars, air-planes and boats.

Typically, an ICE feeds on fossil fuels such as natural gas or petroleum products such as gasoline, diesel fuel or fuel oil. There is increasing use of renewable fuels such as bio-diesel for compression ignition engines and bio-ethanol or methanol for spark ignition engines. Hydrogen is sometimes used, and can be made from fossil fuels or from renewable energy.