REMOTE CONTROLLED ROBOT

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1.INTRODUCTION
A robot is a mechanical or virtual artificial agent. In practice, it is usually an electro-mechanical system which, by its appearance or movements, conveys a sense that it has intent or agency of its own. The word robot can refer to both physical robots and virtual software agents, but the latter are usually referred to as Robots There is no consensus on which machines qualify as robots, but there is general agreement among experts and the public that robots tend to do some or all of the following: move around, operate a mechanical arm, sense and manipulate their environment, and exhibit intelligent behavior, especially behavior which mimics humans or animals
An embedded system is a special-purpose system in which the computer is completely encapsulated by or dedicated to the device or system it controls. Unlike a general-purpose computer, such as a personal computer, an embedded system performs one or a few pre-defined tasks, usually with very specific requirements. Since the system is dedicated to specific tasks
2.EMBEDDED SYSTEMS
An embedded system is a special-purpose system in which the computer is completely encapsulated by or dedicated to the device or system it controls. Unlike a general-purpose computer, such as a personal computer, an embedded system performs one or a few pre-defined tasks, usually with very specific requirements. Since the system is dedicated to specific tasks, design engineers can optimize it, reducing the size and cost of the product. Embedded systems are often mass-produced, benefiting from economies of scale.
Personal digital assistants (PDAs) or handheld computers are generally considered embedded devices because of the nature of their hardware design, even though they are more expandable in software terms. This line of definition continues to blur as devices expand.
Examples of embedded systems
• Automatic teller machines (ATMs)
• Avionics, such as inertial guidance systems, flight control hardware/software and other integrated systems in aircraft and missiles
• Cellular telephones and telephone switches
• engine controllers and antilock brake controllers for automobiles
• Home automation products, such as thermostats, air conditioners, sprinklers, and security monitoring systems
• Handheld calculators
• Handheld computers
• Household appliances, including microwave ovens, washing machines, television sets, DVD players and recorders
• Medical equipment
• Personal digital assistant
• Videogame consoles
• Computer peripherals such as routers and printers
• Industrial controllers for remote machine operation.
4.MICRO CONTROLLERS
Microprocessors vs. Microcontrollers:
• Microprocessors are single-chip CPUs used in microcomputers.
• Microcontrollers and microprocessors are different in three main aspects: hardware architecture, applications, and instruction set features.
• Hardware architecture: A microprocessor is a single chip CPU while a microcontroller is a single IC contains a CPU and much of remaining circuitry of a complete computer (e.g., RAM, ROM, serial interface, parallel interface, timer, and interrupt handling circuit).
• Applications: Microprocessors are commonly used as a CPU in computers while microcontrollers are found in small, minimum component designs performing control
• Microprocessor instruction sets are processing Intensive.
• Their instructions operate on nibbles, bytes, words, or even double words.
• They have instructions to set and clear individual bits and perform bit operations.
• They have instructions for input/output operations, event timing, enabling and setting priority levels for interrupts caused by external stimuli.
• Processing power of a microcontroller is much less than a microprocessor.
Difference between 8051 and 8052:
The 8052 microcontroller is the 8051's "big brother." It is a slightly more powerful microcontroller, sporting a number of additional features which the developer may make use of:
• 256 bytes of Internal RAM (compared to 128 in the standard 8051) and it is having 8k bytes of ROM.
• A third 16-bit timer, capable of a number of new operation modes and 16-bit reloads.
• Additional SFRs to support the functionality offered by the third timer.
AT89S52: Features:
• Compatible with MCS-51 Products
• 8K Bytes of In-System Programmable (ISP) Flash Memory
– Endurance: 1000 Write/Erase Cycles
• 4.0V to 5.5V Operating Range
• Fully Static Operation: 0 Hz to 33 MHz
• Three-level Program Memory Lock
• 256K Internal RAM
• 32 Programmable I/O Lines
• 3 16-bit Timer/Counters
• Eight Interrupt Sources
• Full Duplex UART Serial Channel
• Low-power Idle and Power-down Modes
• Interrupt Recovery from Power-down Mode
• Watchdog Timer
• Dual Data Pointer
• Power-off Flag