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Abstract
Whether it's rebuilding a car engine or diagramming a sentence, people can learn about many things
simply by taking them apart and putting them back together again. That, in a nutshell, is the concept
behind reverse-engineering—breaking something down in order to understand it, build a copy or improve
it. As computer-aided design has become more popular, reverse engineering has become a viable method
to create a 3D virtual model of an existing physical part for use in 3D CAD [computer-aided design],
CAM, CAE and other software. The reverse-engineering process involves measuring an object and then
reconstructing it as a 3D model With the ever-increasing popularity of CAD, ‘reverse engineering’ has
proven to be a blessing for creation of ‘3D virtual model’ of the on hand physical part to be used in 3D
CAE, CAM, CAD and many other soft wares. The measuring of physical object can be done by making use
of ‘#D scanning technologies’ such as computed tomography, ‘structured light digitizers’, laser scanners,
and CMMs. The data that is measured usually gets represented as ‘point cloud’. It is devoid of topological
information. That’s why, the processing and modelling takes place into usable format like a ‘triangular
faced mesh’, CAD model, or a collection of surfaces of NURBS. Applications such as Polyworks, Image
ware, Geomagic, or Rapidform are used for processing the ‘point clouds’ into the formats that can be used
in applications like 3D CAE, CAM, CAD or visualization.

Introduction
The term "reverse engineering" includes any
activity you do to determine how a product
works, or to learn the ideas and technology that
were originally used to develop the product.
Reverse engineering is a systematic approach for
analyzing the design of existing devices or
systems. To be more precise, reverse engineering
(RE) is the process of discovering the
technological principles of a device, object or
system through analysis of its structure, function
and operation. It often involves taking something
(e.g., a mechanical device, electronic component,
or software program) apart and analyzing its
workings in detail to be used in maintenance, or
to try to make a new device or program that does
the same thing without copying anything from
the original

TYPES OF RE :
 Black Box RE : In "black box"
reverse engineering, systems are
observed without examining internal
structure
 White Box RE : Here, the internal
parts of the object that is being
reverse engineered is examined
carefully.

FORWARD ENGINEERING V/S REVERSE
ENGINEERING ;
The most traditional method of the development
of a technology is referred to as "forward
engineering." In the construction of a
technology, manufacturers develop a product by
implementing engineering concepts and
abstractions. By contrast, reverse engineering
begins with final product, and works backward
to recreate the engineering concepts by analyzing
the design of the system and the
interrelationships of its components.
REASONS FOR RE :
 Lost documentation: Reverse
engineering often is done because the
documentation of a particular device
has been lost (or was never written),
and the person who built it is no longer
available. Integrated circuits often seem
to have been designed on obsolete,
proprietary systems, which means that
the only way to incorporate the
functionality into new technology is to
reverse-engineer the existing chip and
then re-design it.
 Product analysis. To examine how a
product works, what components it
consists of, estimate costs, and identify
potential patent infringement.
 Creation of unlicensed/unapproved
duplicates.

 Academic/learning purposes.
 Curiosity
 Competitive technical intelligence
(understand what your competitor is
actually doing versus what they say
they are doing)

REVERSE ENGINEERING OF
MECHANICAL DEVICES :
RE of mechanical devices mainly involves
measuring an object and then reconstructing it
as a 3D model. It is also used to analyze how a
product works, what it does, and what
components it consists of, estimate costs, and
identify potential patent infringement, etc.
REVERSE ENGINEERING PROCESS
As computer-aided design has become more
popular, reverse engineering has become a viable
method to create a 3D virtual model of an
existing physical part for use in 3D CAD, CAM,
CAE and other software. The reverse-
engineering process involves measuring an
object and then reconstructing it as a 3D model.
The physical object can be measured using 3D
scanning technologies like CMMs, laser
scanners, structured light digitizers or computed
tomography. The measured data alone, usually
represented as a point cloud, lacks topological
information and is therefore often processed and
modeled into a more usable format such as a
triangular-faced mesh, a set of NURBS surfaces
or a CAD model.
There are two parts to any reverse engineering
application: scanning and data manipulation.
Scanning, also called digitizing, is the process of
gathering the requisite data from an object. Many
different technologies are used to collect three
dimensional data. They range from mechanical
and very slow, to radiation-based and highly-
automated. Each technology has its advantages
and disadvantages, and their applications and
specifications overlap. What eventually comes
out of each of these data collection devices,
however, is a description of the physical object
in three-dimensional space called a point cloud

coordinate of the original object. However, some
scanners, such as those based on X-rays, can see
inside an object. In that case, the point cloud also
defines interior locations of the object, and may
also describe its density. There is usually far too
much data in the point cloud collected from the
scanner or digitizer, and some of it may be
unwanted noise. Without further processing, the
data isn’t in a form that can be used by
downstream applications such as CAD/CAM
software or in rapid prototyping. Reverse
engineering software is used to edit the point
cloud data, establish the interconnectedness of
the points in the cloud, and translate it into useful
formats such as surface models or STL files. It
also allows several different scans of an object to
be melded together so that the data describing
the object can be defined completely from all
sides and directions.
Usually, the shortest part of any RE task is
scanning or data collection. While there are
exceptions, scanning might only require a few
seconds or a few minutes. On the other hand,
manipulating the data can be quite time-
consuming and labor-intensive. It may even
require days to complete this part of the job. The
situation is analogous to scanning two-
dimensional printed or photographic materials. It
doesn’t usually take very long to scan a picture
or a diagram - but getting that picture into a
presentable form can be quite a lot of work,
indeed.


COORDINATE MEASURING MACHINE
(CMM) :

A 'coordinate measuring machine' (CMM) is a
device for measuring the physical geometrical
characteristics of an object. This machine may be
manually controlled by an operator or it may be
computer controlled. Measurements are defined
by a probe attached to the third moving axis of
this machine. Probes may be mechanical, optical,
laser, or white light, among others. The typical
CMM is composed of three axes, an X, Y and Z.
These axes are orthogonal to each other in a
typical three dimensional coordinate system.
Each axis has a scale system that indicates the
location of that axis. The machine will read the
input from the probe, as directed by the operator
or programmer. The machine then uses the
X,Y,Z coordinates of each of these points to
determine size and position.
A coordinate measuring machine (CMM) is also
a device used in manufacturing and assembly
processes to test a part or assembly against the
design intent. By precisely recording the X, Y,
and Z coordinates of the target, points are
generated which can then be analyzed via
regression algorithms for the construction of
features. These points are collected by using a
probe that is positioned manually by an operator
or automatically via Direct Computer Control
(DCC).

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