puri sharma pathania physical chemistry pdf download
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Physical chemistry is the study of macroscopic, atomic, subatomic and particle phenomena in chemical systems in terms of principles, practices, and concepts of physics such as movement, energy, force, time, thermodynamics, chemistry quantum mechanics, statistical mechanics and analytical dynamics. and chemical equilibrium. Physical chemistry, in contrast to chemical physics, is predominantly (but not always) a macroscopic or supra-molecular science, since most of the principles on which it was founded are related to mass and not just to molecular structure / atomic, chemical equilibrium and colloids).

The key concepts of physical chemistry are the ways in which pure physics is applied to chemical problems.

One of the key concepts of classical chemistry is that all chemical compounds can be described as groups of joined atoms and chemical reactions can be described as making and breaking those bonds. Predicting the properties of chemical compounds from a description of atoms and how they come together is one of the main objectives of physical chemistry. To describe atoms and bonds precisely, it is necessary to know where the nuclei of atoms are and how the electrons are distributed around them.

Quantum chemistry, a subfield of physical chemistry that deals especially with the application of quantum mechanics to chemical problems, provides tools for determining the strength and shape of bonds, how the nuclei move, and how light can be absorbed or emitted by a chemical compound. Spectroscopy is the related sub-discipline of physical chemistry that deals specifically with the interaction of electromagnetic radiation with matter.

Another set of important issues in chemistry refers to what kind of reactions can occur spontaneously and what properties are possible for a given chemical mixture. This is studied in chemical thermodynamics, which establishes limits on quantities such as how much a reaction can proceed, or how much energy can be converted into work in an internal combustion engine, and which provides bonds between properties such as coefficient of thermal expansion and rate of change of entropy with pressure for a gas or a liquid. It can often be used to assess whether a reactor or engine design is feasible, or to verify the validity of the experimental data. To a limited extent, quasi-equilibrium and non-equilibrium thermodynamics can describe irreversible changes. However, classical thermodynamics mainly refers to systems in equilibrium and reversible changes and not what actually happens, or speed, away from equilibrium.

What reactions occur and how fast is the subject of chemical kinetics, another branch of physical chemistry. A key idea in chemical kinetics is that for reagents to react and form products, most chemical species must pass through states of transition that are higher in energy than the reactants or products and serve as a barrier to reaction. In general, the higher the barrier, the slower the reaction. A second is that most chemical reactions occur as a sequence of elementary reactions, each with its own transition state. Key questions in kinetics include how the reaction rate depends on the temperature and the concentrations of reactants and catalysts in the reaction mixture, and how the catalysts and the reaction conditions can be designed to optimize the reaction rate.

The fact that the rapidity with which reactions occur can often be specified with only a few concentrations and a temperature, instead of needing to know all the positions and speeds of each molecule in a mixture, is a special case of another concept key to physical chemistry is that to the extent that an engineer needs to know, everything that happens in a mixture of very large numbers (perhaps of the order of Avogadro's constant, 6 x 1023) of particles can often be described by only a few variables such as pressure, temperature, and concentration. The precise reasons for this are described in statistical mechanics, a specialty within physical chemistry that is also shared with physics. Statistical mechanics also provides ways of predicting the properties we see in everyday life from molecular properties without relying on empirical correlations based on chemical similarities.
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