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Agricultural technology is changing rapidly. Agricultural machinery, farm construction and production facilities are constantly improving. Suitable agricultural applications for photovoltaic (PV) solutions are numerous. These applications are a mix of individual installations and systems installed by utilities when they have found that a photovoltaic solution is the best solution for remote agricultural needs such as pumping water for crops or livestock. A solar water pumping system consists of two basic components. These are photovoltaic panels and pumps.
The smallest element of a photovoltaic panel is the solar cell. Each solar cell has two or more specially prepared layers of semiconductor material that produce direct current (DC) electricity when exposed to light. This DC current is collected by wiring the panel. It is then supplied to a DC pump, which in turn pumps water every time the sun shines, or stored in the batteries for later use by the pump.
Photovoltaic systems have the advantage of being scalable, ranging from a few watts for applications such as automated gates or timers, to hundreds of kilowatts for farm and farm farms. Instead of having a large centralized system, a number of distributed photovoltaic systems can be deployed at pump sites. Solar pumping systems are best suited for transfer operations (for pumping water out of diameter, for example, or transferring it from the dam to the storage tank) in which the pumps run continuously for most of the day. Applications that require water to be pumped overnight are not so suitable for solar pumps, as storage solutions, such as batteries and storage tanks, can significantly increase the cost of the system.
Although these energy storage solutions can be expensive, they allow greater use of the photovoltaic system. Depending on the application, the stored water can be fed by gravity when there is not enough sunlight to power the solar pumps, thus reducing the consumption of diesel. Because of the high capital costs that are still associated with solar systems, simple returns of seven to eight years are generally achievable only where pumping is currently occurring for more than half of the year. These costs are expected to be reduced in the coming years as price reductions occur within the photovoltaic and commercial battery storage industries.
