Principles of Operating Systems
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Scheduling Objectives
 Enforcement of fairness
 in allocating resources to processes
 Enforcement of priorities
 Make best use of available system resources
 Give preference to processes holding key resources.
 Give preference to processes exhibiting good behavior.
 Degrade gracefully under heavy loads.
Program Behavior Issues
 I/O boundedness
 short burst of CPU before blocking for I/O
 CPU boundedness
 extensive use of CPU before blocking for I/O
 Urgency and Priorities
 Frequency of preemption
 Process execution time
 Time sharing
 amount of execution time process has already received
Basic Concepts
 Maximum CPU utilization obtained with multiprogramming.
 CPU-I/O Burst Cycle
 Process execution consists of a cycle of CPU execution and I/O wait.
Levels of Scheduling
 High Level Scheduling or Job Scheduling
 Selects jobs allowed to compete for CPU and other system resources.
 Intermediate Level Scheduling or Medium Term Scheduling
 Selects which jobs to temporarily suspend/resume to smooth fluctuations in system load.
 Low Level (CPU) Scheduling or Dispatching
 Selects the ready process that will be assigned the CPU.
 Ready Queue contains PCBs of processes
CPU Scheduler
 Selects from among the processes in memory that are ready to execute, and allocates the CPU to one of them.
 Non-preemptive Scheduling
 Once CPU has been allocated to a process, the process keeps the CPU until
 Process exits OR
 Process switches to waiting state
 Preemptive Scheduling
 Process can be interrupted and must release the CPU.
 Need to coordinate access to shared data
 CPU scheduling decisions may take place when a process:
 switches from running state to waiting state
 switches from running state to ready state
 switches from waiting to ready
 terminates
 Scheduling under 1 and 4 is non-preemptive.
All other scheduling is preemptive
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